Islam Overtakes Christianity?

With a POD no later than 1000 AD what events would have needed to transpire to have Islam become the dominate faith of all the Middle East, Africa and Europe?

Where would this lead?
 
I think that this requires several things to happen, namely a much earlier fall of Constantinople, say to one of Arab sieges, coupled with more Moorish victories in Iberia/France, and a more chaotic continental western Europe subsequent to that. Even then though it's hard.
 
Maybe a collapse of the Papacy? An earlier Avignon type split that leaves Catholicism permanently split weakening Christian resolve?
 
I think that this requires several things to happen, namely a much earlier fall of Constantinople, say to one of Arab sieges, coupled with more Moorish victories in Iberia/France, and a more chaotic continental western Europe subsequent to that. Even then though it's hard.
More Arabo-Berber victory in western Europe can't really change something : they had at best 20 000 fighters in the VIII century, and hardly one real garrison north of Pyrenees.

To put it simply : they didn't have the numbers to conquer western Europe.
If something, the western Islamic conquest helped to make the western continental kingdoms more united : the Carolingian rise is directly issued from that.

For Constantinople, it's pretty much safe as long the city isn't blockaded. Maybe not Greek fire could help, but I think the byzantine fleet was strong enough to crush such blockades as OTL.

Maybe a collapse of the Papacy? An earlier Avignon type split that leaves Catholicism permanently split weakening Christian resolve?
The institutional role of papacy really became important with Charlemagne : before the IX century, papacy did had a moral and spiritual first place but much of the religious policy was ruled by "national" councils led by the king and upper clergy.

The issue there, is that Islamization is directly tied to not only jihad conquests, but even there it took some time to have an Islamic plurality (at best, since the XI in Palestine or Egypt and later in Al-Andalus).
Without more conquests (that is going to be hard) and enough time, it's not going to happen.
 
I'd say a good POD for this to happen would be an Islamic victory at Tours followed by a conquest of the entire Frankish realm and an invasion of Italy.
 
I'd say a good POD for this to happen would be an Islamic victory at Tours followed by a conquest of the entire Frankish realm and an invasion of Italy.

Not going to happen. It must be of the the most tired and inaccurate PoD cliché ever.

Tours was a raid target, no more, no less. There wasn't any real tentative of conquest since Battle of Toulouse, where (contrary to Tours), Arabo-Berbers carried siege engines.

There's simply no way that with 20 000 men, whom the great majority stood in Spain, it would be a conquest of Aquitaine, not talking about Francia or Italy.

Contrary to Spain, Francia wasn't in decline but growing more unified and powerful. With a population of, roughly, 8 millions, with majordomo being rid of civil war...there's no room for a conquest following 732, critically with the incoming Berber Revolt that would not only cut Al-Andalus from reinforcements, but trouble it enough that they would be busy enough in Spain for thinking about raiding and invading.
 
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