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I'm wondering if there's any way to have a fully industrialized (or industrializing) world without the centralized nation states that dominate the present day map. It's easy to imagine industrialization beginning in nation states and spreading to less centralized areas, and city states and nomadic groups have survived to the present day, but I'm wondering how modern nations might not develop at all. Or are they inevitable?

What would have to happen for industrialization without nationalization to be the norm? What would alternative political structures and societies look like?
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