Creating new Frontiers (Africa 1902-1910)
The end of the Great War brought radical changes to Africa. Where before the conflict the European Union and the Central Alliance had tried to establish large colonies and challenge the Entente in a shock-and-awe strategy, five years later there was nothing left to show for their efforts. Saxony, Denmark, Oman and Habsburg Italy had lost decades of infrastructure investment and conquests at the very beginning of the twentieth history.
That wasn’t to say the victors were really strong enough to capitalise on their victory, of course. Portugal was still officially controlling Angola and Mozambique, but the wars waged in the Iberian Peninsula ended any hope of the Portugal Kings to return as a Great Power. The situation was a paradox in a way: the numbers of European-born colonists never stopped increasing after 1902, but the income the Portuguese companies were able to obtain from the African colonies was stagnating. This strange outcome was explained by the rapacity of the English traders and businessmen, who more and more saw themselves as the true masters of the region. Yes, it officially belonged to Portugal on a map, but everyone knew who was holding the leash (England not Portugal, if you had not followed).
The English-Portuguese relationships did not improve from this unequal hierarchy order. In 1910, one could describe them as ‘frosty’. But there were extremely warm compared to the hatred most black-skinned men and women felt towards their masters. The quotas and the ever increasing demands of ore and resources, the lack of investment in the native population and the high levels of racism made sure the revolts were frequent and bloody.
By 1910, the population of Angola, counting Europeans settlers, barely reached 2 million and Mozambique was at 1.6 million. It showed no sign of improving, with the words of ‘serfdom’ and ‘semi-slavery’ being regularly used when one massacre or awful details managed to arrive on the headlines of British or Portuguese newspaper.
In these societal and demographics conditions, trying to push back the Republic of the Cape southwards or provoking Theodore Roosevelt would have been particularly foolhardy, and the Portuguese as a result refused to provide help to Madagascar in the 1900s.
Further north, another country created by exiles was experiencing major problems. New Virginia’s inhabitants had held against all evidence and diplomatic talks the hope they would be able to liberate the country of their ancestors.
Naturally, the winners of the Great War found ridiculous the idea 1.4 million of fanatics – the number of citizens New Virginia acknowledged, deliberately ignoring the slaves - determined to torch Carolinian homes and turn aside the events of the last half-century would be authorised to cross back the Atlantic Ocean. Yes, Carolina had been on the losing side of the war. But nobody, not even Florida or other enemy factions, was so filled with hatred to not understand the potential nightmare of a restored Virginian ‘Consulate’ by the descendants of Calhoun and Washington.
The outcry in the New Virginian towns was not pleasant to watch. French, Carolinian, Spanish and even UPNG flags were burned by white-hooded ‘priests’ walking in long and sinister processions. The talks of ‘Manifest Destiny’ went from extreme to absolutely frightening. As for the treatment of slaves, it was so awful even Imperial Spain began to raise concerns. The natives who had inhabited these lands long before any white-skinned man discovered them were enduring a cruel tyranny which showed no sign of stopping.
It was in this unpleasant atmosphere that the representatives of the nations who had territories in Africa participated to a Congress in the eternal city of Bastia on 1905 and onwards. With the end of the hostilities, explorators, outlaw adventurers and regular troops were returning to the familiar and dangerous games which had so often nearly precipitated the world into a worldwide ocean of bloodshed.
To every observer’s surprise, the Empires of France and Holy Spain found rapidly agreement on a certain number of points. Madrid wanted Southern Andalusia – which was not considered a colony but an integral part of their homeland – to have the physical opportunity to be linked with New Palma in the future. Paris, on the other hand, wanted its Centrafrica and Guinea domains to have a frontier. The Ethiopians, who began to voice louder and louder their opposition, were unable to weigh significantly on the debate as they were already struggling to hold the annexed provinces they had grabbed from Oman. In fact, Portugal was able to push largely its south-eastern frontier northwards, their backing from England and other Entente countries helping their cause.
Obviously, the nations not invited to sit around the table to devour Africa between themselves watched with growing unease the outcome of these negotiations. Not because the creation of Spanish Sahara between Southern Andalusia and New Palma was a problem; anyone who had ever seen the new ‘photos’ of the Sahara could care less about that. No, the UPNG and China could care less about the millions of tons of sand the Spanish had annexed. It was the principle of the thing...and the sign the number of players had been so reduced on the world stage that two of the great Empires could decide something and enforce it on the world stage without caring if someone objected or not.
It was also a political dilemma. The treaties of the Great War had made sure there would be other wars to fight. And for the survivors of the Central Alliance each now seeking their own path, the path of the instable but ultra-catholic Imperial Spain was not acceptable. Unfortunately, neither was becoming a puppet of the French Empire, who had grown too powerful to be stopped by a lone country. And so pacts in the shadows continued, as Africa fell under the colonial empires’ rule...