My first thought was that no printing press greatly retards economic and technological development compared to OTL, so there would be much less colonization pressure, plus less of a tech advantage for those who do attempt colonization (still a massive advantage compared to the locals, though). Western Europe still colonizes much of the world, but it takes longer and there is slightly more effective local resistance.
The effect on languages? I would expect more local loanwords to make their way into the settler's speech, and possibly even grammatical changes, due to centuries of close contact between local and colonial languages, with little in the way of literature available at the local level to stabilize the settlers' languages.