Would the Ottoman Empire still be around and What about A-H !
-On the Ottoman Empire, I can imagine that an unresolved Arab question would lead to a lot of trouble. If it manages to survive, either by finding an "Ausgleich" with the Arabs or in an authoriarian way, the prospects are indeed staggering, especially if they manage to not only control over Iraq, but maybe more of the Arab peninsula - or Baku.
-IMHO, Austria-Hungary should have a 75-25 chance of survival if the war ends in 1917 already with the Monarchy undefeated. There will probably be a lot of trouble with the annexation of Serbia, but I think Vienna might relegate the ugly matters to the Croats who will rule the Serbs like the Hungarians ruled over Slovaks or the Poles over the Ukrainians - only harsher.
Karl I knows that the monarchy needs a general reform. It is very probable, that the Hungarian influence will be targeted before Transleithania becomes even more autonomous. If such conflict becomes armed, I see a short struggle.
What would the French or German government's look like in the 1930's !
-Wilhelm II will still be Kaiser (OTL, he died in 1941). The question is whether the Reich's constitution will have moved towards more Parliament control of the government or not. If not, the pre-1914 situation will be continued - otherwise there will be coalition governments expanding the social state. I expect the Chancellorship usually going to politicians of the Centrum or of the (National or Progressive) Liberal parties.
-In France, I expect the 3rd Republic to go on. A "status quo ante" wouldn't be harsh enough to provoke a system-change.
Over all, such a peace in 1917 would be ideal for a reversed Locarno at some point of time where a codification of minority rights for Francophones (which already existed under German rule) is traded against France accepting the post-1871 borders.
What about the British Empire or the USSR how would they of changed and the same with Japan and the US of A .
The British Empire will be slightly less broke. The USA should be even more isolationist, having played no significant role in the Great War whatsoever.
The USSR is a wild card. What is the peace in the east like? Brest-Litovsk? Will Russia be Communist after all?