How would a modern Ottoman Empire function?

I ould like to thank everyone for their input so far for thi, but I did have more questions to figure out for this. What would the Ottoman Empire keep in the scenario where the Central Powers won? Like, would they keep Greek and Macedonian territories (I figure the Germans could want them to become nations, but that could cause nationalistic tensions elsewhere.)

Ottoman States is a pretty good name, though I'm wondering what others, especially in the event a tragedy occurs and the Osman line ends. Hence any name ideas based on the regions?

Also, while it would be a centralized state, I do figure there would be like regions or territories or districts within the Empire, but how would it be done? Like a mainly Kurdish district for example?
 
My command of Ottoman history is admittedly weak outside of the war and later post-war history so I honestly offer impressions. Since I do not find a Central Powers victory to be probable enough I instead look to either a stalemate or more limited war. In the later I take away the invasion of Belgium and sideline the United Kingdom. That should let the Ottomans be peripheral to the war between Russia/France and Germany/A-H (maybe Italy). And if one does not let a Greco-Ottoman war erupt then the Ottoman Empire should move forward rather normally. Thus I have toyed with numerous possible scenarios that keep the Ottomans alive.

First off I think the Ottomans would retain control over the Arabs population and they should have no obvious reasons to rebel. I would think the traditional divide between the multitude of tribes and leading families would mean it is just easier to have an Ottoman at top than be under any of your neighbors. That pattern might give bickering but I doubt much changes. Next I think that as the Ottomans get any strength they reassert dominance into Arabia. That is where I hit another forked path. Do the British prop up the Ottomans or try to divide them? My bet is they use an Arabian War to carve off a few more bits around Aden, at Oman or the Trucial States, secure Kuwait but otherwise let the Ottomans take the peninsula itself. That makes the Ottomans a very big oil player alongside the British, likely on par with the USA in this era and obviously the biggest player in the modern era. Oddly I see the Germans remaining a junior partner in the oil of Mesopotamian in anything but a direct Anglo-Ottoman conflict. So I do not feel Germany gets a secure source of oil but then it does not lose out entirely either. Should give the Germans some new parts to play in things.

As others have said I think modern Turkey can be a useful guide to how the Ottomans might have evolved. I think this will be a mostly secular state but Islam will be the obvious cultural influence. Of course I think Islam itself might be quite different as we would see both Holy Cities under the Caliph and the Caliphate itself evolve. For one I would think that Wahhabism does not come to such prominence. Most development will occur in Anatolia or the cities in Arab areas, the Arab peoples might remain more rural outside those cities but in them I think a strong Ottoman identity should prevail. I think the localities get autonomy but otherwise this will be a centralized state. I think it feels like France, Paris is at the center and the regions are just boxes with old Provinces little more than place names. Constantinople should be rather cosmopolitan. The disparity of wealth might not look totally severe but I suspect it is wide enough, especially as oil wealth tends to concentrate. I think we see more German influences in the OE, no French influences in the Levant, a rather stable and prosperous region, potentially using its oil wealth to better accelerate development rather than vanity projects or grand war machines. I imagine it having tremendous upside potential.
 
My command of Ottoman history is admittedly weak outside of the war and later post-war history so I honestly offer impressions. Since I do not find a Central Powers victory to be probable enough I instead look to either a stalemate or more limited war. In the later I take away the invasion of Belgium and sideline the United Kingdom. That should let the Ottomans be peripheral to the war between Russia/France and Germany/A-H (maybe Italy). And if one does not let a Greco-Ottoman war erupt then the Ottoman Empire should move forward rather normally. Thus I have toyed with numerous possible scenarios that keep the Ottomans alive.

First off I think the Ottomans would retain control over the Arabs population and they should have no obvious reasons to rebel. I would think the traditional divide between the multitude of tribes and leading families would mean it is just easier to have an Ottoman at top than be under any of your neighbors. That pattern might give bickering but I doubt much changes. Next I think that as the Ottomans get any strength they reassert dominance into Arabia. That is where I hit another forked path. Do the British prop up the Ottomans or try to divide them? My bet is they use an Arabian War to carve off a few more bits around Aden, at Oman or the Trucial States, secure Kuwait but otherwise let the Ottomans take the peninsula itself. That makes the Ottomans a very big oil player alongside the British, likely on par with the USA in this era and obviously the biggest player in the modern era. Oddly I see the Germans remaining a junior partner in the oil of Mesopotamian in anything but a direct Anglo-Ottoman conflict. So I do not feel Germany gets a secure source of oil but then it does not lose out entirely either. Should give the Germans some new parts to play in things.

As others have said I think modern Turkey can be a useful guide to how the Ottomans might have evolved. I think this will be a mostly secular state but Islam will be the obvious cultural influence. Of course I think Islam itself might be quite different as we would see both Holy Cities under the Caliph and the Caliphate itself evolve. For one I would think that Wahhabism does not come to such prominence. Most development will occur in Anatolia or the cities in Arab areas, the Arab peoples might remain more rural outside those cities but in them I think a strong Ottoman identity should prevail. I think the localities get autonomy but otherwise this will be a centralized state. I think it feels like France, Paris is at the center and the regions are just boxes with old Provinces little more than place names. Constantinople should be rather cosmopolitan. The disparity of wealth might not look totally severe but I suspect it is wide enough, especially as oil wealth tends to concentrate. I think we see more German influences in the OE, no French influences in the Levant, a rather stable and prosperous region, potentially using its oil wealth to better accelerate development rather than vanity projects or grand war machines. I imagine it having tremendous upside potential.

First, I would like to thank you for your input. But there are some differences that allow the Central Powers to scrape a victory (namely, some stuff goes awry for the French early on, and the battle of Verdun is a colossal flustercluck for them.)

Wahhabism would not get into prominence because it was so closely tied to the Saudi family, which warred against the Ottomans. The Saudis would probably be killed in the Arab wars by the Rasheed dynasty (their mortal enemy and an ally of the Ottomans) with help from Ottomans and Germany. Given that one of the requirements was for Britian to leave Arabia, Waahabism would not have a chance to spread. Ottomans prop up Rasheed dynasty as the main Arabian power and Rasheed Arabia becomes part of the Mittelmachte.

Islam will remain a strong influence, though I don't know how the holy cities will be. My bet was they would become their own city-states like Vatican City so they could avoid political affairs as the political blocs began forming and they could be open for Muslims all over the world and not just those in the Mittelmachte (hell, Jerusalem might take this path too.)
 
First, I would like to thank you for your input. But there are some differences that allow the Central Powers to scrape a victory (namely, some stuff goes awry for the French early on, and the battle of Verdun is a colossal flustercluck for them.)

Wahhabism would not get into prominence because it was so closely tied to the Saudi family, which warred against the Ottomans. The Saudis would probably be killed in the Arab wars by the Rasheed dynasty (their mortal enemy and an ally of the Ottomans) with help from Ottomans and Germany. Given that one of the requirements was for Britian to leave Arabia, Waahabism would not have a chance to spread. Ottomans prop up Rasheed dynasty as the main Arabian power and Rasheed Arabia becomes part of the Mittelmachte.

Islam will remain a strong influence, though I don't know how the holy cities will be. My bet was they would become their own city-states like Vatican City so they could avoid political affairs as the political blocs began forming and they could be open for Muslims all over the world and not just those in the Mittelmachte (hell, Jerusalem might take this path too.)

That is my take away, the Arabs remain under Ottoman rule or if nominally independent are really vassals. I think the Arabs would be content under an Ottoman tent, especially as the Ottomans are capable of quashing any dissent and the British should support them. The dangerous period comes after oil is discovered in such quantity, that occurs just as it truly becomes essential for the next stage of industrialization, the British will be nipping away at the periphery and that makes grist for conflict between the UK and OE. If one wants to weave a war into things then that may be its spark, the Anglo-French aligned against the Germans and their allies. The wildcard is what you do to the Russians here. In my pondered ATL I have the Germans hold their minority stake in the Ottoman version of the TPC, building the railroad and aligned with the Ottoman Army. The Navy is sympathetic to the British but for how long? The Germans might need capital after the war so partner with the big American oil companies to explore into Arabia, attempting to outmaneuver the British. (I leave in place the Anglo-Japanese alliance to further twist the American tail in the Pacific). It makes strange bedfellows of the Germans and Americans. Here the British hold Persian oil, Kuwaiti, the Trucial States and Oman, they are partners in Ottoman oil. That may quash the "special relationship" as American oil dominance is more squarely under British threat and British oil underpins its dominance in the global economy and the position for Pound Sterling. Here there is no American economic hegemony but they are clearly becoming more than a peer. That twists the 1930s through 1960s up a bit I think.
 
That is my take away, the Arabs remain under Ottoman rule or if nominally independent are really vassals. I think the Arabs would be content under an Ottoman tent, especially as the Ottomans are capable of quashing any dissent and the British should support them. The dangerous period comes after oil is discovered in such quantity, that occurs just as it truly becomes essential for the next stage of industrialization, the British will be nipping away at the periphery and that makes grist for conflict between the UK and OE. If one wants to weave a war into things then that may be its spark, the Anglo-French aligned against the Germans and their allies. The wildcard is what you do to the Russians here. In my pondered ATL I have the Germans hold their minority stake in the Ottoman version of the TPC, building the railroad and aligned with the Ottoman Army. The Navy is sympathetic to the British but for how long? The Germans might need capital after the war so partner with the big American oil companies to explore into Arabia, attempting to outmaneuver the British. (I leave in place the Anglo-Japanese alliance to further twist the American tail in the Pacific). It makes strange bedfellows of the Germans and Americans. Here the British hold Persian oil, Kuwaiti, the Trucial States and Oman, they are partners in Ottoman oil. That may quash the "special relationship" as American oil dominance is more squarely under British threat and British oil underpins its dominance in the global economy and the position for Pound Sterling. Here there is no American economic hegemony but they are clearly becoming more than a peer. That twists the 1930s through 1960s up a bit I think.

Well, I cannot give everything away, but I will try and give as much as I can here. Regarding the Middle East, it's the Ottoman Empire, Rasheedi Arabia as the main powers here. The British would really only have Yemen or Oman and the only true neutral powers would be the city states of Mecca and Medina, established months after Italy made their deal with Vatican City (since the Germans thought it was a neat solution and suggested it to the Ottomans and their vassals.)

The British are trying to keep their Empire together while they and the French stopped Franco's rise to power (even it meant aiding the socialists.)

The Pacfici War still happens, but it's Japan against China, the Russian Republic (they never went USSR), the US and Mexico (it starts as the Sino-Japanese War, then Russia gets ionvovles when Japan tries to grab the island up north, US gets invovles when Pearl Harbor happens sooner and Mexico joins in with Japan's unlimited sub warfare sinks a Mexican ship.) US wins and focuses on rebuilding China while UK takes Japan under wing so the Germans don't (Korea is rebuilt by with Mexican support.)

So while the British would have Oman's oil, they would not have Kuwait or the Trucial states. They also end up losing Iran's oil when Iran nationalises it and sides with the League of Nations (foudned by US, Russia, China and Mexico). Though the British then go to explore South America and get Venezula in their sphere along with Brazil.

Though back to the Ottomans, Rasheed Arabia serves as Ottoman's right-hand (like how Austria would be Germany's) with ties close between the two dynasties (the first Rasheedi emir since was educated in the Ottomans and Germany, and was able to untie and reform the place to avoid the fighting.) Rasheed Arabia probably would not let the British get the oil in order to remain on good gracees with the Ottomans (not to mention the British funded the Sauds, the mortal enemy of the Rasheed).
 

Germaniac

Donor
Without access to Ottoman Oil supply, the British will be Hell Bent on protecting and expanding its role in Persia. Think Persia in the 60'amd early 70's but earlier with alot of investment by the Brits.

If both the Ottomans and the Persians survive whatever comes after the Great War i would think the old Persia/Ottoman cold war/open war would reignite. Even with the Ottomans coming out more stable and prepared, a stronger Persia will be more than an equal to them, especially with Western support.

Imagine an Iran Iraq war but with both sides more powerful and prepared... terrifying.
 
Without access to Ottoman Oil supply, the British will be Hell Bent on protecting and expanding its role in Persia. Think Persia in the 60'amd early 70's but earlier with alot of investment by the Brits.

If both the Ottomans and the Persians survive whatever comes after the Great War i would think the old Persia/Ottoman cold war/open war would reignite. Even with the Ottomans coming out more stable and prepared, a stronger Persia will be more than an equal to them, especially with Western support.

Imagine an Iran Iraq war but with both sides more powerful and prepared... terrifying.
And what is Persia itself's likely reaction to all this?
 
Well, I cannot give everything away, but I will try and give as much as I can here. Regarding the Middle East, it's the Ottoman Empire, Rasheedi Arabia as the main powers here. The British would really only have Yemen or Oman and the only true neutral powers would be the city states of Mecca and Medina, established months after Italy made their deal with Vatican City (since the Germans thought it was a neat solution and suggested it to the Ottomans and their vassals.)

The British are trying to keep their Empire together while they and the French stopped Franco's rise to power (even it meant aiding the socialists.)

The Pacfici War still happens, but it's Japan against China, the Russian Republic (they never went USSR), the US and Mexico (it starts as the Sino-Japanese War, then Russia gets ionvovles when Japan tries to grab the island up north, US gets invovles when Pearl Harbor happens sooner and Mexico joins in with Japan's unlimited sub warfare sinks a Mexican ship.) US wins and focuses on rebuilding China while UK takes Japan under wing so the Germans don't (Korea is rebuilt by with Mexican support.)

So while the British would have Oman's oil, they would not have Kuwait or the Trucial states. They also end up losing Iran's oil when Iran nationalises it and sides with the League of Nations (foudned by US, Russia, China and Mexico). Though the British then go to explore South America and get Venezula in their sphere along with Brazil.

Though back to the Ottomans, Rasheed Arabia serves as Ottoman's right-hand (like how Austria would be Germany's) with ties close between the two dynasties (the first Rasheedi emir since was educated in the Ottomans and Germany, and was able to untie and reform the place to avoid the fighting.) Rasheed Arabia probably would not let the British get the oil in order to remain on good gracees with the Ottomans (not to mention the British funded the Sauds, the mortal enemy of the Rasheed).

By no means regard my ideas as anything but food for thought, there are infinite possibilities we can map out, and we can speculate to fit a desired endpoint when we want to tease out a theme. For example I think the Anglo-French might still form a League of Nations, more like how the originally spoke of United Nations was really just an understanding and if an alliance only for the select few. I think the Germans pursue a more muted thing as a European Customs Union. Most original international organizations remain aloof. now the United States might sponsor a United Nations as they view a sort of congress of independent states. A Soviet Russia might actually promote a Comintern. Think of the chaos with multiple international bodies. All courting members? In your world I think a LON would be even less relevant as just an Anglo-French club.

I will enjoy seeing how you craft this. As others said I think Persia might get more British attention, it should fuel antagonism with Russia, white or red, as well as push the Anglo-American relations into the rockiest waters. How do you get Japan alienated from the British? A "defeated" Britain needs a counter balance in Asia even more here. I am dubious about Mexico being anything more than an oil exporter, have you considered Brazil instead? Interesting potential to sway pro-German or become America's best regional ally. For me a healthier British Empire nosed into America's pretense of Empire in South America, it had strong trade and held the debt for much of Latin American, a thing the USA would be very perturbed by over time. A lot of loose ends to play with.
 

Germaniac

Donor
And what is Persia itself's likely reaction to all this?

Well, it's unlikely your going to see revolution on the scale of OTL early, but with a serious enemy on your border people usually rally astound the nation. A Britain whose lost the great war is going to be less lets say pushy in Persia, mostly since they have no other viable options.

The Persians for the time being will, and this is completely in my own opinion, will tolerate or even welcome British investment, and even if they don't the strong military establishment that will build up will keep it under control for at least a few decades
 
By no means regard my ideas as anything but food for thought, there are infinite possibilities we can map out, and we can speculate to fit a desired endpoint when we want to tease out a theme. For example I think the Anglo-French might still form a League of Nations, more like how the originally spoke of United Nations was really just an understanding and if an alliance only for the select few. I think the Germans pursue a more muted thing as a European Customs Union. Most original international organizations remain aloof. now the United States might sponsor a United Nations as they view a sort of congress of independent states. A Soviet Russia might actually promote a Comintern. Think of the chaos with multiple international bodies. All courting members? In your world I think a LON would be even less relevant as just an Anglo-French club.

I will enjoy seeing how you craft this. As others said I think Persia might get more British attention, it should fuel antagonism with Russia, white or red, as well as push the Anglo-American relations into the rockiest waters. How do you get Japan alienated from the British? A "defeated" Britain needs a counter balance in Asia even more here. I am dubious about Mexico being anything more than an oil exporter, have you considered Brazil instead? Interesting potential to sway pro-German or become America's best regional ally. For me a healthier British Empire nosed into America's pretense of Empire in South America, it had strong trade and held the debt for much of Latin American, a thing the USA would be very perturbed by over time. A lot of loose ends to play with.

Well, I am working on something like this. The thing is that Anglo-American relations never really get pass cordial because of the lack of US involvement with the Great War. Germany makes its Weltreich (world realm), basically a more centralized version of the British Commonwealth along with the Mittelmachte, its version of the EU for itself, its dominions and their allies (and their dominions).

Britain and France are tyring to adapt with a Germany-dominated Europe and keeping things at home plolitically stable. Soviet Russia doesn't exist here, being a Federation, albeit one with socialists in control for a while.

The US comes up with the idea of a League of Nations as a congress for independent states to support one another. Events lead to the Progressive Era not ending and becoming stronger because of the Great Depression (which, whole not as bad as OTL, still hits the US pretty hard). Their interactions in the Pacific War also leads to the US being a bit more on the left and their League of Nations is basically the anti-imperial bloc of the world. Mexico is mroe in the background, but still helped out in the war. Brazil sided with the British because of Germany & Argentina;s relations plus Brazil viewing the US as a rival.

Britain and Japan just became a bit more alientated overtime with Japan's rising imperialism before they lost the war and the British rebuilt Japan, having a close relationship (closer than the US/Japan relationship of now). US meanwhile has a close relationship with Chia for the rebuilding (yellow peril becomes largely downplayed, namely in focusing on the imperial Japanese war crimes. Kyoto Trials instead of Nuremberg Trials.)
 
Without access to Ottoman Oil supply, the British will be Hell Bent on protecting and expanding its role in Persia. Think Persia in the 60'amd early 70's but earlier with alot of investment by the Brits.

If both the Ottomans and the Persians survive whatever comes after the Great War i would think the old Persia/Ottoman cold war/open war would reignite. Even with the Ottomans coming out more stable and prepared, a stronger Persia will be more than an equal to them, especially with Western support.

Imagine an Iran Iraq war but with both sides more powerful and prepared... terrifying.

Well, it's unlikely your going to see revolution on the scale of OTL early, but with a serious enemy on your border people usually rally astound the nation. A Britain whose lost the great war is going to be less lets say pushy in Persia, mostly since they have no other viable options.

The Persians for the time being will, and this is completely in my own opinion, will tolerate or even welcome British investment, and even if they don't the strong military establishment that will build up will keep it under control for at least a few decades

Iran more or less progresses as it does until a certain someone becomes PM. Oil is nationalizes and the British aren't happy. But Iran joines the League very soon after so the British realize if they try anything, they'll have the US, Russia and China breathing on their necks, plus the Germans would look to exploit the opportunity. Hence why instead Britai would turn to South America. Albeit, a big note here is that oil is nowhere near as imporant as it is here, but that's spoilerish stuff.

But yeah, Ottoman and Iran relations will be pretty tense, but their allies will keep them from doing anything rash, especially with agreements set in place. Iran eventually finds solace with influence in Central Asia.
 

Germaniac

Donor
Iran more or less progresses as it does until a certain someone becomes PM. Oil is nationalizes and the British aren't happy. But Iran joines the League very soon after so the British realize if they try anything, they'll have the US, Russia and China breathing on their necks, plus the Germans would look to exploit the opportunity. Hence why instead Britai would turn to South America. Albeit, a big note here is that oil is nowhere near as imporant as it is here, but that's spoilerish stuff.

But yeah, Ottoman and Iran relations will be pretty tense, but their allies will keep them from doing anything rash, especially with agreements set in place. Iran eventually finds solace with influence in Central Asia.

Well im very interested to see where you are going with this and it's tempting me to finally write the one in the back of my mind , if you need any help or info on ottomans or the region in the era dont hesitate to dm me on it
 
Well, I am working on something like this. The thing is that Anglo-American relations never really get pass cordial because of the lack of US involvement with the Great War. Germany makes its Weltreich (world realm), basically a more centralized version of the British Commonwealth along with the Mittelmachte, its version of the EU for itself, its dominions and their allies (and their dominions).

Britain and France are tyring to adapt with a Germany-dominated Europe and keeping things at home plolitically stable. Soviet Russia doesn't exist here, being a Federation, albeit one with socialists in control for a while.

The US comes up with the idea of a League of Nations as a congress for independent states to support one another. Events lead to the Progressive Era not ending and becoming stronger because of the Great Depression (which, whole not as bad as OTL, still hits the US pretty hard). Their interactions in the Pacific War also leads to the US being a bit more on the left and their League of Nations is basically the anti-imperial bloc of the world. Mexico is mroe in the background, but still helped out in the war. Brazil sided with the British because of Germany & Argentina;s relations plus Brazil viewing the US as a rival.

Britain and Japan just became a bit more alientated overtime with Japan's rising imperialism before they lost the war and the British rebuilt Japan, having a close relationship (closer than the US/Japan relationship of now). US meanwhile has a close relationship with Chia for the rebuilding (yellow peril becomes largely downplayed, namely in focusing on the imperial Japanese war crimes. Kyoto Trials instead of Nuremberg Trials.)

Two things I found were just how fragile was the "Special Relationship" and how complicated as the path of Japan to its conquest of Asia. If the USA does not intervene in the Great War and did not have a true threat in Hitler later then I am not certain the USA would not find the British Empire quite intolerable longer term. Once Germany is contained to the continent that threat to America becomes more commercial, but there might be opportunity to cooperate that shifts the USA from a sweep Germany to face the British move to a use Germany to pin the British tact. Here I think the Anglo-Japanese Alliance wedges between the USA and the British, have that last through to the late 1940s and you have a potentially very anti-British USA. Recall the British handed the German Pacific islands to Japan in order to weaken the USA in Asia, the British here should need Japan longer and give her more support. Of course it should hit rocks in China but that may not go invasion of Manchuria, I think it is China reasserting itself, so maybe the later 1940s or 1950s here.

I think this Germany is going to take some time to get back on its feet, it should be focused in Europe for a long time. Russia likely plays more like Weimar. The Anglo-French should be rather unstable as each views themselves as the top dog.

And yes I think the USA would promote a sort of anti-Imperial league. They become the "third" way between the British and Germans as the single biggest economy, second biggest if we measure the Empire as a whole. Again I think the oil in Arabia might be another wedge, the Americans and Germans trying to push out the British, the Ottomans play all sides against themselves, a dangerous game itself.

You could break a lot of tropes as well as play a few to their end.
 
Two things I found were just how fragile was the "Special Relationship" and how complicated as the path of Japan to its conquest of Asia. If the USA does not intervene in the Great War and did not have a true threat in Hitler later then I am not certain the USA would not find the British Empire quite intolerable longer term. Once Germany is contained to the continent that threat to America becomes more commercial, but there might be opportunity to cooperate that shifts the USA from a sweep Germany to face the British move to a use Germany to pin the British tact. Here I think the Anglo-Japanese Alliance wedges between the USA and the British, have that last through to the late 1940s and you have a potentially very anti-British USA. Recall the British handed the German Pacific islands to Japan in order to weaken the USA in Asia, the British here should need Japan longer and give her more support. Of course it should hit rocks in China but that may not go invasion of Manchuria, I think it is China reasserting itself, so maybe the later 1940s or 1950s here.

I think this Germany is going to take some time to get back on its feet, it should be focused in Europe for a long time. Russia likely plays more like Weimar. The Anglo-French should be rather unstable as each views themselves as the top dog.

And yes I think the USA would promote a sort of anti-Imperial league. They become the "third" way between the British and Germans as the single biggest economy, second biggest if we measure the Empire as a whole. Again I think the oil in Arabia might be another wedge, the Americans and Germans trying to push out the British, the Ottomans play all sides against themselves, a dangerous game itself.

You could break a lot of tropes as well as play a few to their end.

Britain and Japan kinda just lose touch because of differing governments and politics. Mind you, the American-British relations are pretty cool, but the Americans are okay with letting the British take care of rebuilding Japan once the paperwork is done and the Kyoto Trials have gone. The US do get some form of payback though; they take Hokaiddo and make it into a protectorate (a politician's son was among those with Hokkaido resistance fighers, mainly the Ainu and so uses his inlfuence for the idea.) This actually does influence the US to re-examine their behavior with their natives and actually be nicer and commit to the treaties better. Pacific War occurs a bit earlier than WW2 and US gets involves sooner as well.

American-British relations don't hit the curb until the thing with Iran and Britain retaliating with getting South American states in their sphere.

Here's how South America is on the three blocs:

Mittelmachte: Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia,

Entente: The three Guianas, Brazil, Venezula, Ecuador,

League of Nations: Columbia, Peru, Chile,

The Mittelmachte is focused on consolidating their gains. Germany installing loyal rulers in their new vassals, trying to manage Mittelafrika and other colonies they got from France (French imperial empire in a few ways: North africa become vassals to the Ottomans, central Africa goes to Germans, the west coast may or may not go to Austria (that or the Germans just make them into their own or divide it differently. Maybe even remake the Toucouleur Empire. The African allies get some land, so Darfur gets Sudan and the Dervish State gets British and Italian somalia. Italian Eritrea is kinda left by itself, but merges with Ethiopia.) Germany is just working on keeping order; their South American affairs are just them continuing their positive relationship with Argentina and the others while figuring out what to do with German Indochina.

Oil won't be as big here (there's a big explanation as to why, but no spoilers) and most of Arabia is in Mittelmachte control since Rasheed Arabia is part of the Mittelmachte. Oman just becomes a more British fortified place. It's notable that Ibadi Muslim becomes more widespread as a result, dominant in British East Africa because of Omani assistance.

As for the rest of the Pacific, the US refuses to let the Dutch have their colonial empire back, so the Dutch remain either neutral or eventuallu join the Entente. Nusantara is formed instead of Indonesia. Also, Philippines gets some oversight from the Mexicans because of language making it easier since the US will be looking at Nusantara.

But yeah, US relations with Europe aren't that good. They gave the Swiss an honorary seat at the League as a show of respect and they're pretty okay with the Nordic nations (Finland manages to make Karelia and Lapland free with them as part of the Russian Revolution.)
 
With a post-1900 POD, I think it would look an awful lot like Arab monarchies such as Hashemite Iraq and monarchist Libya. Like both countries, I strongly suspect that the Ottomans will have strong revolutionary elements, *Nasserist or otherwise.
 
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