Severe cutbacks in U.S. aid directly affected military performance. Artillery batteries previously allocated 100 rounds per day were reduced to firing only four daily. Each ARVN soldier was restricted to only 85 bullets per month. Because of fuel shortages and lack of spare parts, sorties by South Vietnamese helicopter and cargo aircraft shrank by 50 to 70 percent.
[27] Due to President Thiệu's "no surrender of territory" command, the army was stretched to the limit defending terrain along a 600-mile frontier. Even the nation's strategic reserve, the
Airborne and
Marine Divisions, were occupied in static defensive roles. The ARVN, schooled by the Americans in rapid mobility and application of massive firepower, were losing the ability to deliver either.
[28] The military situation was exacerbated by the collapse of the South Vietnamese economy and a massive influx of refugees into the cities.
[29]
During the same period, the North Vietnamese were recovering from losses incurred during the
Easter Offensive of 1972 by replacing personnel and modernizing their equipment with a new influx of
Soviet and Chinese military aid. During 1973, North Vietnam received 2.8 million metric tons of goods (worth $330 million) from communist-bloc countries, a 50 percent increase over the previous year. In 1974 that total increased to 3.5 million metric tons ($400 million) (according to
CIA), while the South's aid was slashed to only $965 million per year, down from $2.2 billion.
[30] As a result, the number of artillery tubes within South Vietnam increased to 430, including new 122 mm and
130 mm guns, while armored forces were estimated to have increased to 655 tanks and armored personnel carriers, including the new Soviet-built
BTR-60.