How would Germany attract ethnic Germans to the region when the trend since the 1850s had been with Germans moving westward? With the proportion of Germans in the Eastern Provinces declining with every census, the general trend was for ethnic Germans and Jews to migrate to cities west of the Oder-Neisse Line. Poles from the region also migrated westward to the Rhineland and Westphalia, with some 400,000 living in cities like Gelsenkirchen, Bochum, Dortmund etc. where many were coal miners. Ethnic Poles also moved to Berlin and Potsdam with their numbers in the city rising from 27,339 in 1890 to 81,369 by 1910. Meanwhile the city of Posen's ethnic German population declined from 47% in 1867 to 35% in 1910, while the Poles increased from 38% to 57%. The economic opportunities afforded in Germany led to a very lower overall emigration rate of Poles from the Reich overseas. The same trend of urbanisation held true for Austria-Hungary as German speakers declined from 40% of the population to 7% by 1910. In Vienna, the number of Czechs in the city increased to 20% of the population.