I'd expect the Seven-Faced God would emerge out of one of the Indo-European religions, since it is essentially a fictionalized version of them anyway. So Greco-Roman paganism, Celtic paganism, Hinduism, and other related pagan religions. Mostly Greco-Roman though.
The Father, Warrior, and Smith are essentially just Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus (the Archaic Triad of Roman paganism) respectively. Or more generally, they're an example of the trifunctional hypothesis also conformed to by the Hindu Trimurti (Brahma, Shiva, and Vishnu respectively - although usually Shiva is put last in the Trimurti, I'd compare Shiva more to Mars and Vishnu more to Quirinus and placed them accordingly). (All three - the Male Three of the Seven, the Archaic Triad, and the Hindu Trimurti - also correspond to the Clergy/Brahmin, Nobles/Kshatriya, and Commoners/Vaishya respectively.) So a religion conforming to that hypothesis has the male parts of the Seven-Faced God down and just needs to have them specifically explained in those terms.
The Maiden, Mother, and Crone are the triple goddess of Wicca - and more historically; correspond to Artemis/Diana, Selene/Luna, and Hecate/Trivia respectively. So that's another historical Greco-Roman triad that could be combined with the above to have six of the Seven already present.
The Stranger is the one I can't think of a good historical origin for.
To summarize, if you were to use Greco-Roman mythology as the origin it could be something like this:
Father: Jupiter
Warrior: Mars
Smith: Quirinus
Maiden: Diana
Mother: Luna
Crone: Trivia
Stranger: ???