The French army for example, the AUstrians and the Prussians
Short answer: During this period most of the fighting was done by the infantry, with cavalry and artillery in supporting roles.
Long answer: At the beginning of the period (roughly 1600 to 1650) infantry was roughly two thirds pikemen, armed with a ten-to-twelve foot pike, and one third musketeers, armed with a matchlock musket. All also carried swords (and often daggers) for close combat with other infantry. The pikemen would form up in rectangular blocks with musketeers in smaller blocks on either flank and often a screen of musketeers in front of the pikemen. Because of the inaccuracy and unreliability of the matchlock musket most infantry combat was at very short ranges (fifty meters or less). When infantry entered into melee with other infantry the musketeers would drop back behind the pikemen or switch to sword to support them. If threatened by cavalry the pikemen would form a hollow square with the musketeers and nearby artillery sheltered inside. The emphasis is on melee combat with musketry very much in a supporting role.
Cavalry were armed with wheelock pistols and sabres; they would ride up to enemy formations, fire their pistols, then ride back to reload before riding forward again (a maneuver known as the caracole, after a common dance of the period). If the opposing formation was disorganized, artillery, or other cavalry they would charge them with sabre as well, but avoided charging formed infantry, against which they had little effect.
Artillery were either light bronze guns (3 lbrs, usually) deployed forward of the infantry and used to bombard opposing infantry at the beginning of the battle, or heavier bronze or iron guns deployed to the flanks or rear of infantry formations in support. In both cases the gunners would abandon their pieces if threatened, taking refuge with nearby infantry until the immediate danger had passed. Both types were drawn by draft animals and were usually not moved during the battle.
During the next period (roughly 1650 to 1700) first came the advent of light guns drawn by horse teams, known as gallopers; these could be easily repositioned during the battle, unlike earlier guns, so were more flexible. As muskets improved in quality the proportion of muskets to pikes increased; by 1670 the proportion was roughly two thirds musketeers and one third pikemen. Toward the end of this phase flintlocks began to replace both matchlocks and wheelocks; the flintlock's greater accuracy and reliability pushed engagement ranges to roughly one hundred meters. The introduction of first plug bayonets, then socket bayonets, rendered pikes unnecessary and they disappeared by 1700.
By 1700 the standard formations and tactics for the next hundred and fifty years are established. The infantry, in long lines several ranks deep, armed with flintlock musket, socket bayonet, and a sword; the cavalry, armed with flintlock pistol and/or carbine and sabre, in much the same roles as before, having abandoned the caracole in favor of more effective shock tactics; the artillery, with newer, lighter, and more mobile guns, able to reposition as needed, but filling the same supporting role as before. The emphasis now is on musketry and cannon fire, with infantry and cavalry charges employed to finish off weakened and/or demoralized opponents.
To answer your question about differences between the various national armies, in practice most used the same weapons and tactics; any differences were minor. What did matter was training and discipline; the better trained and more disciplined armies had large advantages both in maneuver and in combat.