House of Cromwell

TheNordicBrit

Parma said:
Nice time line please go on.

Why should the Dutch Republic go to war, with almost the same reason as the first Anglo Dutch war of 1654-1655? Alleged support of the Stuarts?

The Patricians which ruled the Dutch Republic had no interesed in the schemes and intrigues of the Oranges and their Stuart relatives
The Dutch Republic was by the 1660ties firmly under control of the Patricians and the Oranges did had litle influence at that time.
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It's not actually about the Dutch supposedly helping the Stuarts, as I said the Stuarts being on the ship was a secret that was kept hidden by the Captain who claimed the English tried to take his ship. An argument sprang up between the Dutch and English with the English claiming the Stuarts were on board while the Dutch could find no evidence thus thinking they tried to take the ship. Misunderstanding caused this war, much like the War of 1812 in which the message reached America too late. The captain had to lie to keep the Stuarts safe.
The first Anglo-Dutch war revealed the short commings of the Dutch fleet, in tactic and ship design, by 1660 this short comming were well adressed and the navy was in tip top condition. State Pensioner Johan and especialy his brother Cornelis were strong navy supporters.
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You are right of course, however the same applies to the English Navy don't forget. It'd been expanding under the Commonwealth with the Navy being a necessity, it hasn't been shrunk yet and tactics have been improved and Blake, Monck, Popham etc are all very good leaders as well. One of the things I'm writing about next is how the army shrinks but many of the soldiers go into the Navy as it's growing.
 

Parma

Thanks for the explanation, and Mock was a very good General at sea, he more or less invented the line of battle at sea.
 

TheNordicBrit

The English and Dutch forces clashed again, though they were much smaller forces than seen in the Battle of Wadden. In the Battle of Lowestoft the Dutch forces that numbered some 30 ships managed to force the English formation of some 26 ships were driven away from the area, while they suffered no losses one ship was so badly damaged at the time that it was essentially useless...

This loss at sea angered Oliver II whom had been promised by the Earl of Warwick whom promised that he, like the Earl two generations before him [1], would be able to smash the Dutch but had in-fact just lost a battle to the Dutch...

It's arguable that this loss by the 4th Earl of Warwick at sea was the final straw when it came to the navy as Oliver II had always been apprehensive of placing people at the helm of a ship based merely on whether they were a member of the nobility or not, thus it was 3 years after the Battle of Lowestoft that the English Royal Naval Academy of Portsmouth was set up...

Wars at Sea, Cromwell's

While fighting continued in Europe for Naval Supremacy overseas the fight between Anglo-Dutch forces was much more supremacy over trade links and money...

The first battle was actually a defensive battle against the Dutch, a fleet of around 60 ships had been sent to America to defend English colonies and the English fleet clashed in the Mediterranean in the Battle of Hispaniola with the Dutch preparing for an invasion...

The force under Baron Penn [2] utterly destroyed the Dutch landing-forces before they made it onto land and the 40 or-so Dutch ships fled the scene in an almighty battle in which Penn managed to capture around 4 ships while sinking 10 and damaging another 10 beyond repair...

This grand-victory in keeping Hispaniola safe led to the renaming of Hispaniola in 1674 as 'Pennvictoria' or literally 'Penn's Victory' [3]...

The English Empire: A Story from Revolution to Today

 During the Second Anglo-Dutch War the King still had to decide who he was to marry his son who'd recently turned 18, off to...

He considered numerous options, however the thought of marrying his son off to a foreign Royal Princess didn't appeal to Oliver or his son, Oliver...

Thus after much consideration that his first son would be married off to a close-relative as this would allow family links to be kept close while also allowing the King to wed his other son and daughter off to foreign nobility...

The relation chosen was Prince Olivers wife was the daughter of Oliver II's sister Bridget Cromwell and one of the Kings best advisers, the Earl of Nottingham, Bridget Ireton [4]...

 Oliver II, The Lion

 [1] - Robert Rich, the 2nd Earl of Warwick, was a good Admiral within the Navy.
[2] - William Penn who ITTL led the successful 'Western Design' on Hispaniola.
[3] - Also it helps that after the end of this war Penn and his family gain a lot of land in Hispaniola, also the fact that Hispaniola essentially means 'Spanish Island' I think it may be logical to change the name.
[4] - She was the real daughter of Bridget and Henry, IOTL she married Thomas Bendish in 1670.
 

Parma

Why would the Dutch sent a fleet with a landing force to Hispanjola?

I asume the Dutch West Indian Company still spoiled their Brasilian possesions. Suriname is still an English proffit colony and New York is still Dutch Nieuw Amsterdam, which maybe have a larger growth due to an influx of English, Scotts and Irish Catholics and other Protestant believes who fled the Puritain regime.

So what interresed should the Dutch have to invade far away Hispanjola?
The main reson for existence and source of income of the Dutch fleet, was the protection of trade fleets comming and goiing to the Far East, the Baltic and the Mediterainian and to protect the fishing fleet.

This leave the theatre of limited to the North Sea, if the Dutch would consider a amphibious assault it would be something like the Medway raid in OTL 1667. The Dutch were very prudent not to spent their fleet in adventures, since it was their last resort of defence to protect their wealth.

By the way, Admiral Tromp was very quick to copy and improve the line of battle;)
 

TheNordicBrit

Parma said:
Why would the Dutch sent a fleet with a landing force to Hispanjola?

I asume the Dutch West Indian Company still spoiled their Brasilian possesions. Suriname is still an English proffit colony and New York is still Dutch Nieuw Amsterdam, which maybe have a larger growth due to an influx of English, Scotts and Irish Catholics and other Protestant believes who fled the Puritain regime.

So what interresed should the Dutch have to invade far away Hispanjola?
The main reson for existence and source of income of the Dutch fleet, was the protection of trade fleets comming and goiing to the Far East, the Baltic and the Mediterainian and to protect the fishing fleet.

This leave the theatre of limited to the North Sea, if the Dutch would consider a amphibious assault it would be something like the Medway raid in OTL 1667. The Dutch were very prudent not to spent their fleet in adventures, since it was their last resort of defence to protect their wealth.

By the way, Admiral Tromp was very quick to copy and improve the line of battle;)
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Well IOTL the Dutch in the Second Anglo-Dutch War attacked English colonies, such as Suriname. Also a few decades previously the Dutch attacked Saint Domingo, merely to weaken the Spaniards. It's essentially the same both times here, the Dutch wish to take the island for the sugar and to weaken the English seeing as Hispaniola is their best colony in the New World.

It wasn't a large-scale invasion, the Dutch merely hoped to take Saint Domingo as that was the capital of the island and was the main place where the English settlers had gone to. It's merely a loss but obviously it hasn't wrecked the Dutch war-plan. The Dutch are still primarily concerned within Europe and their main trade there.

Also New Amsterdam hasn't really grown from English settlers, Protestants have largely stayed in England or settled in Barbadoes and Hispaniola while English Catholics have largely moved to the Colony's of Virginia and Maryland.

And while the Dutch captains have gotten better don't forget so have the English ones, and the Navy is much better than it was after the Restoration and has grown as well with its best Admirals still leading the fleets (that have themselves grown). We've also got trained soldiers from the army serving in the Navy now. So while the Dutch have gotten better so have the English.
 

TheNordicBrit

The English fleet led by Monck and Blake clashed with the Dutch led by de Ruyter and Wassenaer Obdam in the Battle of The Hague the English fleet came dangerously close to the rich Dutch capital of The Hague and Blake had already succeeded in halting and capturing a number of merchant ships that carried spices to The Hague...

It was yet another close battle in which the English fleet that numbered around 120 ships faced off against the Dutch fleet of some 100 ships. However the English won the day and had taken down around 20 Dutch ships and heavily-damaged another 12, another victory in this battle was a sharpshooter that managed to kill Dutch Admiral Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam...

Not long after this battle the English fleet sailed to The Hague and so followed the infamous 'Sacking of The Hague' in which the English fleet that had only lost 10 ships in the previous battle managed to bombard the capital of The Hague thus heavily damaging its port and centre before the fleet sailed away from the Netherlands capturing numerous spice merchant-ships along the way...

Wars at Sea, Cromwell's

The embarrassment of The Hague caused a huge-ripple throughout the Dutch establishment, with many blaming Johan de Witt and his brother Cornelis de Witt for the failure, though it's generally accepted this was merely a scapegoating and smear campaign by the Orangists...

However with the survival of de Ruyter the Dutch were still willing to fight on with a good portion of their navy being undamaged...

Europe in the Seventeenth Century

The to-ing and fro-ing between the English and Dutch Navies would endure throughout the remainder of 1667 with the Battle of Foreland between the Dutch and English leading to an inconclusive result as both sides claimed victory and captured 2 of each others ships and damaged around 4 ships each out of fleets that numbered 25 and 20 respectively...

The failure to win the Battle of Foreland halted the planned Dutch retaliation on Southampton for the attack against The Hague with the Solent being secured by the Commonwealth Navy...

Anglo-Dutch Rivalries

The Anglo-Dutch War pushed on into 1668 with neither side having won a decisive battle however this would change in February with the largest naval Battle the North Sea had ever seen occurring...

An almighty English fleet of around 200 ships commanded by the Earl of Somerset, the Earl of Albermarle, William Penn and Christopher Myngs. Against them was a Dutch fleet of some 180 ships commanded by Michiel de Ruyter and Cornelis de Witt. These were some of the best Naval minds pitted against each-other in an almighty battle that would last for 5 days [1]...

By the end of the battle thousands of men lay dead from both sides and there was only one, clear victor, England. Both sides had taken heavy losses and in the battle the English had lost George Ayscue and Robert Venables while Penn had been badly injured and would later need his leg amputated due to his injury...

The Dutch on the other hand suffered a much greater loss, while Cornelis de Witt, brother of the Grand Pensioner of Holland, survived, the greatest of all Dutch Admirals at the time had died when he had been hit by splinters from a cannon-ball shot in the battle, Michiel de Ruyter...

His loss led to the satirical English phrase 'One a War', denoting that in both the First and Second Anglo-Dutch Wars the best Dutch Admirals [2] had been killed by the English...
Wars at Sea, Cromwell's
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[1] - Kind of TTL's version of the 'Four Days' Battle' from OTL with its length.
[2] - In the First Anglo-Dutch War Admiral Tromp had bee killed by an English sharpshooter.

NOTE: I know some members may not like what I'm doing with this Anglo-Dutch War and you may believe I am merely having England succeed out of purely, implausible nationalism. However I feel this war is going plausibly well for England, the Dutch aren't losing every battle and most of the time they're close battles. Yes I understand the Dutch had a good navy and good commanders, however the main reason for OTL's 2nd Anglo-Dutch War success was that with the Restoration of Charles II the Navy had a massive reduction in its spending, a lot of ships were scrapped/sold on and England went back to a 'privileged Navy' in which people got the good jobs by their standing in society.

ITTL the spending on the Navy has actually increased and many more up-to-date ships have been built, with the hierarchy of the navy going to those with experience and those who've proven themselves such as Penn and Myng. Also the brilliant mind of Robert Blake has survived as I stated at the beginning.

Thus I don't think it's wholly impossible to believe that, with a war both sides were unprepared for, that the English may have the upper-hand. However it's likely the war could've gone either way, I've simply gone for the English victory.

Oh and as to the deaths of Dutch Admirals, that's merely unlucky on their part as IOTL many Admirals would die in battle. Butterflies have lead to different battles than IOTL thus these battles will have different events.
 
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Parma

I understand that a Cromwell navy is in much better condition than a ''restored'' Charles navy and because of that the outcome of sea battles are much likely to end in the favour of the English.
But if you want to let the Dutch lose, let them lose battles in a more realistic way. And avoid thing as sacking of Amsterdam. Amsterdam was already in the 2nd half of the 17th century hard to reach by the Zuiderzee for mearchant ships, let alone a complete war fleet of much heavier English war ships.
If you want to sack an important Dutch city, take The Hague, a large village, gouverment seat of the Dutch Republic, the only city not fortyfied and easy to reach from the beach by a landing party.

Admiral Wassenaar OBdam was the one of the few admirals with not so good qualities among a large number of very good Dutch admirals of that time. Cornelis de Wit never was an Admiral, Witte de Wit was, among many others, since a Dutch battle fleet was a combined war fleets of a confedration of states.
Most likely way of beiing killed at a sea battle was losing limp by a cannon ball, only the lucky ones were shot by a musket.

How about the fire of London, thos this stil occure?

And since wars only can happen if you have enough silver, how is the economic and financial situation of England.

I am sure it would not by so bad as under Charles IOTL, but the Dutch Republic is on its zenit of power, financial a behemoth with an, for that time unprecedented financial credibility, which was the reason why a smallstate as the Dutch Republic could wage somany wars, build war fleets from scratch at record speed andmuster large armies.

The methods of building ships in the republic was close to industrial methods, and was many times faster than other nations.
English war ships were much larger than Dutch ships. Both had there advantages and disadvantages. Dutch ships were build with excelent sailin quaility and suitable for shallow waters like the Dutch coast. The English ships were less manouverable but carried more guns ( thats was one of the reason for line of battle) and had a deeper draft. This made it risky for the English to aproach the sand banks ridden coastline of the Republic

How about politics, this King Cromwell must get envy of the French King and if the Dutch are loosing this war they could set up coalitions with France, Spain, Sweden etc.

Again I understand the quality of this English fleet, but the English are fighting for a political goal of a King, like Charles IOTL, the Dutch are fighting for their existence and life and bread.
The Dutch were convinced of the idea that the sea is from all. They only want free shipping lanes and good trade agrements and trading post, they were not interested in glory or empire.
Even the purse of the Dutch is much deeper than the English they will ask for peace, (war is bad for profits) and will agree with this, as long as this not hamper their trade or free movement on the seas.
One last thing, King Cromwell doesn't mind to fight an other Calvinist nation, while there are so many Catholic nations?
 

TheNordicBrit

Parma said:
I understand that a Cromwell navy is in much better condition than a ''restored'' Charles navy and because of that the outcome of sea battles are much likely to end in the favour of the English.
But if you want to let the Dutch lose, let them lose battles in a more realistic way. And avoid thing as sacking of Amsterdam. Amsterdam was already in the 2nd half of the 17th century hard to reach by the Zuiderzee for mearchant ships, let alone a complete war fleet of much heavier English war ships.
If you want to sack an important Dutch city, take The Hague, a large village, gouverment seat of the Dutch Republic, the only city not fortyfied and easy to reach from the beach by a landing party.
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Ah right thank you, I'm not too good with Dutch geography so this information helped, I'll edit the TL in a bit and change it to the Hague.
Admiral Wassenaar OBdam was the one of the few admirals with not so good qualities among a large number of very good Dutch admirals of that time. Cornelis de Wit never was an Admiral, Witte de Wit was, among many others, since a Dutch battle fleet was a combined war fleets of a confedration of states.
Most likely way of beiing killed at a sea battle was losing limp by a cannon ball, only the lucky ones were shot by a musket.
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Ah thank you, again I shall edit out them being Admirals. Also true, I shall edit it so they died by cannon-fire and splinters. And I'm currently reading a book on all this so I may edit things along the way, for example this morning I read about the quite confederate naval system the Dutch have.
How about the fire of London, thos this stil occure?
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I meant to put that in my note but yes, the Plague and Fire of London still occur. The main difference from IOTL is that the Fire doesn't get to St Paul's as it's being rebuilt and the workers managed to put up stones for defense so the fires didn't reach the 'Greek Cross'.
And since wars only can happen if you have enough silver, how is the economic and financial situation of England.
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The English are doing quite well actually, with Gibraltar and Hispaniola their profits are going up and markets are becoming less about the Dutch and more towards the English, not in huge swathes but gradually they are. Also the war waged against the Ottomans meant the Pirates in the Mediterranean were dealt with much more efficiently.
I am sure it would not by so bad as under Charles IOTL, but the Dutch Republic is on its zenit of power, financial a behemoth with an, for that time unprecedented financial credibility, which was the reason why a smallstate as the Dutch Republic could wage somany wars, build war fleets from scratch at record speed andmuster large armies.
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True, but the English are at the most powerful they've ever been too, don't forget that the Dutch also lost the First Anglo-Dutch War so it's not impossible for them to lose even at their most powerful. The English have naval-expertise so I think, much the same as in the first war, the sides are relatively equal.
The methods of building ships in the republic was close to industrial methods, and was many times faster than other nations.
English war ships were much larger than Dutch ships. Both had there advantages and disadvantages. Dutch ships were build with excelent sailin quaility and suitable for shallow waters like the Dutch coast. The English ships were less manouverable but carried more guns ( thats was one of the reason for line of battle) and had a deeper draft. This made it risky for the English to aproach the sand banks ridden coastline of the Republic
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I didn't know about the sand-banks so thank you, I'll have the rest of the battles out at sea rather than within Dutch territory. Also the Commonwealth built large-numbers of 4th rate ships that, while not as nimble, were still quite quick. However you're right and this is why I have the smaller battles with the Dutch being more pro-Dutch as it shows how small numbers of nimble ships can cause havoc, while in the huge-pitched battles in which the English outgunned the Dutch and would form a line-of-battle they win.
How about politics, this King Cromwell must get envy of the French King and if the Dutch are loosing this war they could set up coalitions with France, Spain, Sweden etc.
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Oliver II is quite pro-French in the political sense of the French being anti-Spanish. He's pro-Swedish but rather anti-Danish however in order for a discount within the Sound he's willing to put this dislike of the Danes off. He's anti-Dutch as well due to their numerous trade-monopolies. I doubt the Dutch would set-up a coalition, they didn't IOTL in both the First and Second Anglo-Dutch Wars except with the Danes (IIRC) so they're not anymore likely to here.
Again I understand the quality of this English fleet, but the English are fighting for a political goal of a King, like Charles IOTL, the Dutch are fighting for their existence and life and bread.
The Dutch were convinced of the idea that the sea is from all. They only want free shipping lanes and good trade agrements and trading post, they were not interested in glory or empire.
Even the purse of the Dutch is much deeper than the English they will ask for peace, (war is bad for profits) and will agree with this, as long as this not hamper their trade or free movement on the seas.
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Very true, a peace will be coming soon as neither side wants a long, protracted war as per the First Anglo-Dutch War IOTL. As you say it's bad for profits. While the Dutch were rich the English are catching up so it's not all 'the English are poor but could dominate while the Dutch are rich and thus won't back down'.
One last thing, King Cromwell doesn't mind to fight an other Calvinist nation, while there are so many Catholic nations?
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In both OTL and TTL the Cromwell's realise that sometimes emotions need to be sidelined in favour of pragmatism or wealth. In the near-future of the TL we'll see his anti-Catholic views come-out again, believe me.
 

Parma

I am looking forward for an update.
By the way if this turned out to be the second time the Dutch are kicked in the but on the seas they must really goiing to hate this Cromwell family.
I asume this will have some reporcussions in the Dutch Republic and a kind of determination to beat the English in the future, may be even pursue empire instead of not only overseas trading posts and not confine their self to a small home land.
Maybe a nice role for this William III and his wife Mary Stuart.
The first Anglo-Dutch OTL war was more a draw.
 
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TheNordicBrit

Parma said:
I am looking forward for an update.
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Thank you, I shall post one in a little bit. By the way I hope I answered your points effectively?
By the way if this turned out to be the second time the Dutch are kicked in the but on the seas they must really goiing to hate this Cromwell family.
I asume this will have some reporcussions in the Dutch Republic and a kind of determination to beat the English in the future, may be even pursue empire instead of not only overseas trading posts and not confine their self to a small home land.
Maybe a nice role for this William III and his wife Mary Stuart.
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Oh the Dutch will detest the English, however Europe's gonna be a bit of an odd one very, very soon.
The first Anglo-Dutch OTL war was more a draw.
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True.
 

TheNordicBrit

After the Battle of Dogger Bank [1] near-total blame is put on the Republicans in the Netherlands, with many people referring back to some kind of 'Golden Age' under the Orangists that would never have allowed for the English to win such a decisive battle as well as the sacking of the capital...

In England, while resources are coming in from captured Dutch merchant shipping the monetary supply for the war has become depleted and is nearing exhaustion if new taxes or peace aren't made...

Wars at Sea, Cromwell's

Many within the English establishment called for peace, saying that the Dutch had been "put in their place", however King Oliver II wished to continue his fathers 'Western Design', if only slightly...

Thus in the month of June, after a long period without battles in Europe, an English fleet carrying around 3000 men captured the Dutch Antilles in a week of naval descents...

Cromwellian Caribbean, The

In August the two sides met over peace-talks, the Dutch still reeling from their humiliating losses in Europe and the loss of their trading-posts in the Caribbean as well as rumours cropping up that numerous Orange supporters were preparing for a coup against the Republicans in power...

The English were merely worried over their finances, with naval success having been secured so far they simply wished to go back to trading, much like the Dutch now wished to do...

Another factor that contributed to this peace was the War of Devolution in which the French by now controlled the majority of the Spanish Netherlands, which greatly worried the Dutch as an inactive and tired Spain was a better neighbour for them than powerful and aggressive France...

The Treaty of Amsterdam created a peace between the Dutch and English, the only territorial exchanges from the Treaty were the ceding of the Dutch Antilles to England which were renamed the 'Myngs Islands' after the conqueror of the islands [2]...
Anglo-Dutch Rivalries

The Dutch, while having been on good terms with France beforehand, was incredibly worried over the near-total conquest of the Spanish Netherlands while they'd been distracted against England. Johan de Witt had realised it was far too late to make a deal with Louis XIV whom was unlikely to hand back the land he'd conquered...

However it appeared that, to keep the French at bay and give his Republican government some credit de Witt would need to go to war which wasn't a big problem if it weren't for the Anglo-French friendliness and the perceived uselessness of the Spanish army...

When de Witt attempted to go into talks with Louis XIV he found his fears were quite right in that the French King demanded the whole of the Spanish Netherlands and was unwilling to hear of splitting the territory with the Dutch...

De Witt began secret talks with the old Dutch enemy, Spain. He wished to know the strength of the Spanish army as the realisation hit him that to keep the French at bay a war to keep the buffer of the Spanish Netherlands would be necessary...

Europe in the Seventeenth Century

[1] - The battle from the last update.
[2] - Something noticeable about England here is it will rename colonies it captures off enemies after the conqueror in some way such as the example above or 'Pennvictoria'.
 
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TheNordicBrit

In the Secret Treaty of Amsterdam the Dutch and Spanish delegates finally agreed on a settlement over the Spanish Netherlands in that the Dutch would help the Spanish regain the land in return for the town of Turnhout...

King Louis XIV had hoped to create a quick end to the war and annex all of Franche-Comté and the Spanish Netherlands, he also hoped the recent war with England would've weakened the Dutch enough to stop them from declaring war...

The Dutch also went to their previous enemies, the English, for support against the French occupation of the Spanish Netherlands. Oliver II had to handle the crisis very carefully, on the one hand France were allied with England and they worked well together, but then again he didn't wish for the Dutch to be taken by the French who would totally dominate the channel then...

Europe in the Seventeenth Century

Behind the scenes in the Netherlands the Orangist faction that was seeming a much better option than the incompetents Republicans, and William III with his Stuart Uncles wished to take full-advantage of the situation...

In secret talks between Louis XIV and the pretender to the English throne, Charles Stuart, the two agreed to a compromise in which in return for French support of the Orangists in the coup that was to occur soon William III would recognise the French annexation of the Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comté...

The Stuart Exiles in Holland

King Oliver II, after gaining knowledge of the planned Orangist/Stuart Revolution within the Netherlands and the secret treaty between the powers of Holland and France had to step into continental politics again...

English diplomats protested over the treaty and Louis XIV began to prevaricate, he didn't wish for the English to go to war with France as he'd wanted a simple war and while his army had grown rapidly he knew the English could re-build theirs rapidly as well. Thus the English, who'd convinced the Swedes to support them, demanded that the French leave the Spanish Netherlands and to write up a peace-treaty...

Louis XIV, while reluctant, didn't wish to drag the war on thus France and Spain declared peace with the English and Swedes helping influence the peace-treaty. In the treaty it was agreed that Franche-Comté would be ceded to France alongside some of Flanders [1]...

Thus in January, 1669 France and Spain were at peace with the French borders having grown primarily in its southern borders...

Oliver II, The Lion

By the time news of the peace-treaty between France and Spain had reached the Orangist faction its plans had gone too far to turn back, and so in February of 1669 the Williamite forces under the Prince and his Stuart uncles raised both the Orangist Coat of Arms and the Scottish Stuart Coat of Arms in the city of Enschede, they grew large numbers initially in the insular areas...

After the Grand Pensioner heard of this he demanded a force be created quickly to fight off the militaristic Orangists with their Stuart support, and the Navy quickly sided with the de Witt brothers, though people on land were much more apprehensive due to de Witt's perceived inability to run the nation...

Anglo-Dutch Rivalries

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[1] - The same amount of Flanders that was ceded IOTL

NOTE: I know it may be a little confusing currently, with agreements being made left-right-and-centre however this is what the late-17th Century was like, people would promise things and then double-back on said promise. Most famously Charles II did this when he promised to convert England to Catholicism.
 
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