Yes, he could. Perhaps in the Süd Armee, which was an amalgamation of German and Austro-Hungarian units. The Austrians had a bad policy of intermingling various nationalities in units and having them led by Austrians officers. There are stories (not sure if apocryphal) that some units had 16 different languages that prevented communication except in the only common language...English. This is going to be hard to get Hitler to serve near the Austrians because he was in the Bavarian army. They only served on the Western Front, so he would need to move to somewhere else than Munich before the war. The only problem with that is he is Austrian and probably only felt comfortable in a place where people sounded like him.
Assuming the stars align and he does find himself in a similar situation to the OP, he is likely to have his opinion of Austria-Hungary reinforced. He hated the empire and skipped the country to avoid the draft. The shoddy performance of the Austrian army on the Eastern Front only would confirm his opinion of his former home. Although, he might find that the Russians are not nearly as degenerate as he thought the Slavs were. Of course, who know? The German impression of the Eastern peoples was shaped by their experience in WW1 and seeing the abject poverty and filth that the people lived in (caused by the Russian policy of scorched earth, not their pre-war conditions), they viewed the East as the Americans viewed the West during Manifest Destiny: a place to conquer and civilize with their superior Kultur of work.
So I don't think Hitler's perception of the world would change much, but he very well could gain respect for the Russian's fighting abilities. I don't know how that would translate to his conducting the war in the East for WW2, so I'll leave that open to speculation.