I would say yes, but with reservations. Henry would likely still be obsessed with producing a male heir after he remarries, so the King's Great Matter could always resurface with another wife (esp. since the reproductive problems were probably on Henry's end).
However, Henry was actually a pretty staunch defender of Rome until it became inconvenient for him (he got that Defensor Fidei title from the Pope, after all). If he decided to stick with Rome, I've always suspected he'd run a pretty brutal Inquisition in England--that just seems to go with his character. He might keep England officially Catholic, but Protestant ideas would definitely seep in and probably gain some traction among various segments of the population. England had a pretty strong native tradition of heresy against Catholicism with Lollardy, so I imagine there'd still be pretty serious religious conflict later in the sixteenth century but with the positions reversed from the OTL Elizabethan age: a Catholic monarchy vs. a Protestant faction among the nobility and people.