Say, how did California become it's own country?
There's an article
HERE, from before there was a central thread for "Hail Britannia".
Funny you should ask
Here's an updated and redeveloped version of California in this timeline. I've been working on this for a while, but finally got around to completing the write-up.
Enjoy
The
Kingdom of the Californias, commonly known as
the Californias or simply
California, is a sovereign state located on the western coast of North America, bordered by the Republic of Texas to the east, the United Empire (specifically Oregon and Missouri) to the north and northeast, and the Pacific Ocean to the south. California shares a maritime boundary with the Mexican Empire in the Gulf of Cortez. Historically part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of New Spain, and later the First Mexican Empire (1821-1833), the province of Las Californias declared itself a free and sovereign state after the deposition of Emperor Agustín I, later gaining
de facto autonomy within the Centralist Republic of Mexico (1833-1848). During this period the province, under the rule of a series of military governors, saw a population boom as monarchist Mexicans fled the increasingly dictatorial regime and European settlers arrived in the region.
In 1846, at the beginning of the Mexican War, California elected Andrés Pico as president and declared independence from the Centralist Republic of Mexico, with rebel forces quickly securing control of the major ports and cities. With the aid of British and Texan forces, California avoided the worst of the fighting, and troops were involved in the invasion force into parts of central Mexico. Following the collapse of the Centralist Republic, and the signing of the Treaty of Toluca in 848, the new Mexican government formally recognised the independence of Texas and California. Despite efforts in California and the American colonies for the new territory to be annexed into the British Empire, opposition within the Colonial Congress prevented this, and the terms of the treaty established California as a British protectorate.
Shortly before the end of the Mexican War, President Pico invited Ramón de Iturbide, the second youngest son of deposed Mexican Emperor Agustín I, who had travelled to California in 1846 from exile in Pennsylvania and fought during the war, to take the Californian throne, which he did in 1847 as King Ramón I. His family and descendants continue to reign in California as the senior agnatic branch of the House of Iturbide, and make up a substantial part of the small Californian nobility. Between 1847 and 1879, California was an absolute monarchy and military junta, governed by the monarch and the military were near-limitless powers. The constitution of the time granted all executive powers to the King, who appointed a “President of the Government” (Prime Minister), who was always a senior member of the military. The Cortes Generales, California's legislative branch, was a largely symbolic institution for the first 32 years of the country's existence, until the democratic reforms led by Ramón II and John C. Frémont, later the Duke of Mariposa, gave rise to 1879 Constitution and the transition to a democratic parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The late 19th century saw the rapid decline of the Aboriginal population, as settlers moved in from the British American colonies as transportation became easier with the transcontinental railroads. The new settlers threatened to overwhelm California’s existing Hispanic community, and legal measures were taken to ensure the supremacy of the Spanish language and culture for new colonists, including banning the English language in schools.
During the First World War (1913-1918), parts of southern California were invaded and occupied by Mexican forces. At its height the Central Powers controlled the cities of San Diego and southern Los Angeles, where Californian forces halted their advance. The defeat of Mexico in 1917 led to the annexation of the Baja Peninsula, which had been claimed by the Californians since independence, as the country's eleventh autonomous region opposed to seeking heavier reparations from Mexico. Throughout the course of the 20th century California emerged as a major world power, joining the Allies in the Second World War, primarily focused on the East Asian Theatre. Migration also increased into the country as travel across the Rockies became easier, forcing the construction of major aqueducts, dams and bridges across the nation. Early settlers had also discovered the importance of irrigation during the summer months, which allowed the growth and development of vast expanses of agricultural land, laying the foundation for the nation’s prodigious agricultural and wine industry.
In the 21st century, California is a thriving multicultural liberal democracy with a strong economy and prominent place on the world stage as a key player in multi-polar international politics. The country boosts a diverse population, known as Californians or Californios, composed predominantly of Mestizos (mixed descent from Latin Americans, Amerindian and Europeans) with a substantial population of recent European immigrants, and California is also home to the largest number of Asian peoples in the New World as well as a significant population of African descent. California is considered a potential great power, and wields a great deal of international influence, as an observer at the Union of Latin American Nations and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, and a member of the three pillars of the Commonwealth of Nations; the Commonwealth Economic Community, the Common Defence Pact and the Common Travel Area.
The
2013 Californian general election was held on 12 October 2013 to elect, under the proportional representation system, the 565 members of the Chamber of Delegates, the lower house of the Cortes Generales.
The incumbent centre-left
Avanzando Juntos (“Forward Together”) coalition, led by Prime Minister Antonio Villaraigosa, went into the election in the hopes of securing a third mandate. The coalition, composed of the centre-left
United Left (Izquierda Unida; IU), the centrist liberal
New State Party (Partido Nuevo Estado; PNE), and the Green politics left-wing
Ecological Alliance (Alianza Ecológica; AE), had been in government since 2008. The opposition
La Alianza (“The Alliance”), an electoral alliance between the centre-right
National Liberals (Partido Nacional Liberal; PNL), the populist
People’s Union (Unión del Pueblo; UdP), the conservative Mormon regionalist
Wasatch People’s Party, and the broad tent
Libertarian Movement (Movimiento Libertario, ML), sought to return to government.
Dissatisfaction with the incumbent government’s economic policy was a key factor in the election, as was Villaraigosa’s decision to pursue closer relations with Latin America at the expense of the tradition and historic links with the Commonwealth. Huntsman ran a strong campaign aimed at boosting economic growth through reduced government expenditure, and increased trade with the growing economies of the Commonwealth’s African members. A tight campaign nearly saw the incumbent government re-elected until the 2013 Nevada constitutional crisis, when the Villaraigosa government dissolved the Nevada legislature over their refusal to tackle illegal gambling, which led to riots in Las Vegas and over forty deaths. Dissatisfaction with the government’s actions, alongside Huntsman’s public opposition to their response, led public support to swing towards the Alliance.
In the final election result, the Alliance secured a majority of 10 seats, with every member party gaining seats except the Libetrarians. The Avanzado Juntos government lost nearly a quarter of their seats, although the PNE and AE made minor gains. The unaligned
Republican Front (Frente Republicano, FR), which advocates for the creation of a Second Californian Republic, saw their number of seats halved, representing a decline in the support for a republic in California. In speeches on election night, Huntsman pledged to serve the people of California whilst Prime Minister Villaraigosa accepted the result, and announced his resignation as party leader.
The
2017 Californian general election was held on 7 October 2017 to elect, under the proportional representation system, the 565 members of the Chamber of Delegates, the lower house of the Cortes Generales.
The incumbent
La Alianza government, consisting of the
PNL,
UdP, the
Wasatch People’s Party, and the
ML, had started their first term in office with a high degree of support. However a slowdown in the economy, coupled with a delayed resolution to the 2013 Nevada crisis and increased economic migration from other parts of Latin America, caused the Alliance to drop in the polls. The opposition
Avanzando Juntos coalition under new
IU leader Hilda Solis, capitalised on the government’s problems, running a campaign centred on a return to the Villaraigosa government’s policies of increased spending to boost growth, and negotiating with Latin American countries to solve the migrant crisis. Although their message resonated with the voters, popular support remained with the government when Huntsman pledged that no public services would suffer further cuts during the term of the next Cortes.
In a narrow election, the incumbent government were reduced to a minority by a single seat, although the opposition were left incapable of forming their own majority government. Huntsman was given the first chance to form a government, and thanks to a rogue member of the
FR breaking from her party to support his candidacy, Huntsman was re-elected as prime minister and appointed by the king.
Californian English, sometimes called
Anglo-Californian, although this term is also used to described Anglophone Californians and those of British heritage, is the set of varieties and dialects of the English language native to California. With 20 million native speakers, and a further 15 million L2 speakers, English is the second most widely spoken language in California, and is a co-official language of the country alongside Spanish, although Spanish is the
de facto national language. English speakers are mainly concentrated in the regions of Wasatch, Nevada and Klamath, where they make up a majority of the population, and along the “English Coast”, which covers parts of northern Cabazona, Pelona and southern Salinas.
The use of English in California is a result of British settlement and cultural influence. The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in California during the 19th century, partly because of the California Gold Rush, after the country gained its independence during the Mexican War as a British protectorate. The number of native English-speakers grew rapidly as settlers moved in from across British America, and at times threatened to overwhelm the native Spanish-speaking population, and gave rise to three distinct dialects and accents; Inland, Central and Coastal. The Inland accent is mainly located in Wasatch and Nevada, and bears many similarities to Texan English, whilst Central is spoken in Chaushila and Nueva Helvetia and is similar to Carolina English. The Coastal accent of California is the most widely recognised internationally as an Anglo-Californian accent, spoken across the country’s coastal regions, from Klamath in the north to Cabazona in the south, and in major cities and urban areas.
In California, the
eleven autonomous regions (Spanish:
regiones autónomas) are the first level political and administrative divisions of the country, created in accordance with the Californian Constitution of 1879, to guarantee limited autonomy to the distinct regions and communities of the country. California is not a federation, but a highly decentralised unitary state, with sovereignty vested in the nation as a whole and asymmetrically devolved to the regions. There are 11 autonomous regions, nine were created in 1880 when the constitution came into effect; Wasatch was formed in 1896 out of the historic Mormon state of Deseret, whilst Baja was created in 1934 out of territory acquired from Mexico in the First World War.
Only three of the regions have active secessionist movements, Klamath, Wasatch and Baja. Klamath is home to a sizeable Anglophone population, whilst Wasatch is a majority Anglophone and Mormon region, and Baja retains strong cultural ties to Mexico.