It appears that the charge of powder was, for heavy cannon, one third of the weight of the cannon ball.
Other types of gun, a different proportion
Mortars , of course, the charge was varied depending on the range desired
this from A new and Universal Dictionary of the Marine, 1830. This is an American work.
Carronades were short range guns of large bore but light construction, hence the lighter charge weights.
CHARGE, (charge, Fr.) is the quantity of powder, ball, put into a gun to be fired at one time: the weight of the powder for service is usually one third the weight of the ball; but the allowance for 32 pounders is seven sixteenths of the same weight. The charge for battering guns is one-third of the weight; for case-shot one-fourth; that for carronades is usually one twelfth of the weight of the shot; the highest charge is one-eighth, and the lowest one sixteenth. See the article CANNON.