North Africa Campaign and the Struggle for the Mediterranean June 1942 – September 19
The Struggle for the Mediterranean
The fighting dies down after the fall of Algiers in May. Both sides limit themselves to probes as the Allies are reinforcing North Africa with troops from Britain as well as American divisions as they complete training and shipping becomes available. At sea, British submarines are inflicting serious losses on the Italian merchant marine while the RAF is constantly laying mines off the ports of Algiers, Tunis and Bizerte. Meanwhile the Regia Aeronautica and Luftwaffe continue nightly attacks on Malta. Several costly British convoy runs from Egypt manage to keep the island sufficiently in supply to hold out, but destroyers and fast transports begin evacuating women with small children and the disabled and elderly in June. Luckily there are no ships lost, but several are hit and several hundred civilians are killed in the evacuation.
Rommel and Alexander both launch probing attacks around Algiers in August, but aside from inflicting losses on each other, no significant results occur. However the US 1st Army commanded by General McNair is blooded, and the corps commanders Bradley and Clark perform well.
Complaints about the disadvantages that American and British tanks are facing are sent back to their respective governments, and indeed the M3 Lee tank (Grant in British service), as well as the A9 and A13 Cruiser tanks are markedly inferior to the Panzer IV. On the other hand, British and American artillery is far superior to anything the Germans have faced before and their Spanish allies and the Luftwaffe parachute divisions are at even a greater disadvantage as they lack the artillery to respond.
The Axis are also facing some supply problems as too many ships are being sunk carrying supplies, and only enough is getting through to maintain Army Group but not enough to build up the needed reserve for an offensive. The Allies have no such problem, as engineers have expanded the rail line from Casablanca to the Front into a double track rail road and built a paved four lane highway next to it. The troops under Wavell in Libya have more difficulties, but Tripoli has had its port facilities repaired and expanded, and a paved four lane road has been built there to the front as well.
In the air, the Allies are at a serious disadvantage against Spanish and German Fw190s, but in September the first American P47 squadrons arrive, as do British Spitfire IX, both of which are a match for the German fighter. At that point the Allies slowly begin to gain air superiority over North Africa as more American fighter, light bomber and medium bomber groups arrive. This allows the French Air Force to be pulled out of action for the first time so that it can be reequipped and retrained.
Defeat of the Regia Marina
Also in late September, Allied intelligence has determined that the Japanese carrier fleet is out of action due to aircraft and aircrew losses, which frees up Somerville and his 6th Fleet as well as Cunningham and his Eastern Fleet. Both are sent into the Mediterranean with 2 American, 4 British carriers, along with 10 British battleships, numerous cruisers and destroyers and all ships have been extensively modernized or are new to their navies. The Italian surface fleet is swept from the seas east of Malta, and indeed a powerful carrier raid on September 30 inflicts severe damage on the Italian fleet as it hides in Naples, knocking out all of its remaining battleships and cruisers, and sinking numerous destroyers and submarines. The Axis air attacks are beaten off with only minor losses (2 British destroyers and the cruiser Hermione sunk, plus minor damage to the Illustrious and Victorious) as American Wildcats and British Seafires maul the Axis bombers who all too frequently lack fighter escort.
The Free French celebrate
German talks with the Turkish government to enter to the war on the German side falter when news of the Raid on Naples reaches Ankara. In Casablanca, home to so many French Navy families, the celebrations in the streets last all night. News also reaches Casablanca (the new capital of Free France) of the safe arrival of De Gaulle and nearly 25,000 troops and civilians in Alma Ata (Soviet Central Asia) after an epic march and escape from China.
Axis Forces North Africa October 1, 1942
Army Group Afrika (Rommel)
Panzer Armee Afrika (Cruwell)
I Afrika Korps (15th Panzer Division, 29th Panzer Division)
II Afrika Korps (26th Panzer Division, 27th Panzer Division)
German LV Corps (121st Infantry Division, 148th Infantry Division, 176th Infantry Division)
reserve
90th Light (mechanized) Division
II Luftwaffe Flak Corps (6 motorized flak brigades)
9 engineer battalions
Spanish 5th Army
Spanish III Corps (3 infantry divisions)
Spanish VII Corps (3 infantry divisions)
IX Fleiger Korps (7th Fleiger Division, 2nd Parachute Division, 22nd Airlanding Division, 5th Mountain Division)
Italian Army Group Tunisia
5th Army
III Corps (3 infantry divisions)
XIII Corps (3 infantry divisions)
7th Army
XXII Corps (3 infantry divisions)
XI Corps (3 infantry divisions)
reserve
Celere Motorized Cavalry Corps (3 cavalry divisions)
II Armored Corps (2 armored divisions, 1 mechanized infantry divisions)
Folgore Parachute Division
Allied Forces
(special note: all British Corps have a tank brigade attached)
Middle East Command (Wavell)
8th Army (O'Connor)
XIII Corps (Horrocks) (6th, 43rd, 44th Infantry Divisions)
I Corps (Anderson) (46th, 48th, 49th Infantry Divisions)
V Corps (Montgomery) (53rd, 59th, 70th Infantry Divisions)
XXX Corps (Leese) (5th, 45th, 2nd South African Mechanized Infantry Divisions)
9th South African Armored Division
Long Range Desert Group
reserve: 10th Armored Division, 23rd Armored Brigade, 24th Armored Brigade
Libyan Occupation Force
4th, 6th, 12th Infantry Divisions
10th Army – Egypt (Cunningham)
X Corps (Peyton) (1st, 2nd Infantry Divisions, Jewish Brigade, Arab Legion, Greek Brigade)
Egyptian garrison
Cyprus garrison
Sudan garrison
Palestine garrison
en route
III Corps (Anderson) ( Dutch 1st Mechanized Division, British 78th Infantry Division, Belgian Brigade, Czech Brigade)
Allied Forces NW Africa (Alexander)
British 1st Army (Wilson)
VIII Corps (Gott) (3rd, 15th Infantry Divisions, Guards Brigade, 1st Portuguese Brigade)
VI Corps (Dempsey) (1st Armored Division, 2nd Armored Division, 50th Infantry Division, 51st Infantry Division, Guards Tank Brigade, French 1st DBLE)
US 1st Army (McNair)
(special note: All American Corps have 3 tank battalions, 3 tank destroyer battalions attached, all of which are assigned out to divisions plus a mechanized cavalry group for recon)
I Corps (Bradley) (1st, 29th, 34th Infantry Divisions)
IX Corps (Clark) (2nd, 3rd, 26th Infantry Divisions)
1st Armored Division
en route
II Corps (Patton) (4th, 9th, 45th Infantry Divisions)
3 artillery groups, 2 AAA groups, 3 engineer groups,
plus 4 engineer groups in theater
French Army is rebuilding and has no forces in the combat zone as of September 30 1942