Kingdom of Hawai'i
"We have a right to protect our culture and history, no matter what the fools in Georgetown claim."
Israel Kamakawiwoʻole, Kuhina Nui of Hawai'i
The
Kingdom of Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian:
Ko Hawaiʻi Pae ʻĀina), located in the Pacific Ocean about 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from the U.P. mainland, is an autonomous territory of the United Provinces of America.
Hawaii comprises nearly the entire Hawaiian archipelago, 137 volcanic islands spanning 1,500 miles (2,400 km) that are physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania. The eight main islands, from northwest to southeast, are Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and Hawaiʻi. Several of the smaller islands are controversially the personal property of local peers. Leading to an ongoing debate over land reform.
Hawai'i, formerly a sovereign state established in 1795, was annexed by the United Provinces in 1894 after an attempted coup, which had been led by White plantation owners of American descent. Though the coup had failed, its near success and continuing unrest, among other factors, led to Queen Liliuokalani being forced to enter into an agreement with the expansionist American government of Lord Randolph Churchill. She extracted an incredibly favourable deal, which left Hawai'i in nearly total control of domestic affairs, with only military defence, currency, and foreign affairs outside of its authority. With the annexation, the Islands became the third and final Autonomous Indian Nation, where it has retained the self-government it negotiated in 1894. After the annexation, the Island became host to several naval bases, most famously Pearl Harbour, many of which remain in operation as of 2023, with the Islands serving as the headquarters of the Pacific Fleet. The extensive American military presence has been a source of growing tension for decades.
Politically, Hawaiʻi is a parliamentary constitutional monarch, with its own King, currently Kamehameha VII, who swears allegiance to the American Monarch, as 2021 Queen Victoria, who in turn appoints a Governor to represent her in the Islands, on the advice of the American government. Unlike in other jurisdictions, under the terms of the 1894 agreement, the powers of the Governor are limited and can only veto laws in select circumstances. However, these limitations do not apply o the American Monarch, who assumes near absolute power upon stepping foot in Hawai'i. The head of the government of Hawai'i is the Kuhina Nui, who the King appoints; as of 2013, former singer Israel Kamakawiwoʻole, a member of the National Reform Party, holds the office. The Kuhina Nui must, by convention, command the confidence of the elected lower chamber, the House of Representatives. The upper house of the Parliament, the House of Nobles, is comprised of the higher-ranking members of the Hawaiian Nobility. While it once held considerable powers, its position has significantly diminished since the 1970s, and today it exists mainly for ceremonial purposes, retaining only limited review powers.
Controversially, only indigenous and ennobled Hawaiians have the right to vote in elections, leading to a franchise of only 44.9% of the Island's adult population. While several legal challenges have been made to the electoral law, lack of jurisdiction has prevented the Supreme Court from taking up the matter, and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council has long refused to involve itself. The primary consequence of this in recent decades has been an overrepresentation of the Hawaiian sovereignty movement in the lower chamber of the Hawaiian Parliament.
While ranking high in Human Development, Hawai'i suffers from entrenched wealth disparity issues, and controversies over the nation's policy toward non-indigenous Hawaiians lead to it ranking poorly in international Human Rights indexes.
Hawaiʻi is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum, a regional organization consisting of both sovereign states and territories in Oceania in its own right. It is otherwise represented internationally by the United Provinces. Domestically, it is a member of the American Indigenous Council.
Kamehameha VII (Quentin Kūhiō Kamehameha; born 28 September 1961) is the King of the Hawaiian Islands, having acceded to the throne following his father's death in 1997.
Born in Monterey, he is the oldest child of King Kalākaua II and Carolyn Wilson; he was educated privately in Hawai'i before attending University at Yale, where he attained a degree in political science before being commissioned in the Royal Hawaiian Navy, where he served until he became King. In 1991, he married Lady Elizabeth Hanover, the granddaughter of Charles III and daughter of Prince Michael, Duke of New Albion, who had married into Hawaiian Nbolity. Together they have four children, including his heir, Prince Edward Kalākaua, Crown Prince of Hawai'i.
A controversial figure in Hawaiian, he s a strong advocate for increasing the franchise to non-ethnic Hawaiians and those without peerage. Since taking the throne, he has ennobled 1,832 non-ethnic Hawaiians in protest of existing franchise laws. Known for his staunch opposition to Hawaiian Independence, the overriding of his veto of the 2022 Hawaiian Sovereignty Referendum Act has resulted in increased calls for his abdication among supports of the movement, though has coincided with a marked increase in his personal popularity among the islands total population.
The
Hawaiian sovereignty referendum is a planned vote to be held in Hawai'i in November 2023. The Kamakawiwoʻole government called the non-binding consultation with the goal of gaining political support for achieving independence.
Upon its passage, King Kamehameha VII refused to grant royal ascent, effectively vetoing the act, in response the government of Hawai'i announced it would override his veto, and in a vote of 109-41, the act became law, having achieved the required two-thirds majority. Hawaiian Governor Eric Shinseki, not in a position to act as the law was outside his jurisdiction, made his opposition clear in several public addresses. Its passage triggered protests across the Islands.
Though unilateral secession is considered illegal under the Royal Proclamation of 1864, the unique relationship that exists between the Crown and the Autonomous Indian Na ions has resulted in numerous interpretations of their legal right to sever or amend relations between themselves and the federal government.
Due to the Hawaiian Electoral Act (1929), which greatly limited the franchise on the Islands, only around 45% of Hawaiians are eligible to vote. As a result of this, the Baker government, in January 2023, declared the vote illegal under the self-determination clause of the
New York Agreement on Relations between the United Provinces and Her Majesty Most Loyal Autonomous Indian Nations, which forbade actions to be taken without the democratic consent of the population. The Hawaiian government has disputed this interpretation of the clause, arguing that it applies only to the relevant indigenous population, in this case, ethnic Hawaiians. Allowing for legal discrimination under the terms of the New York Agreement.
The Baker government has announced it will take "Whatever reasonable steps are necessary" to prevent the vote from taking place, including the deployment of federal forces.