JJohnson
Banned
I'm looking to integrate a German unification in the 1848 timeframe into a timeline, which would roughly look like this:
1832 - Metternich introduced laws attempting to curb fledgling liberal movements in Germany. The foreign secretary in Britain, Lord Palmerston, opposed this, and is successful in gaining William's influence, causing the Hanoverian government to take the same position, leading to the failure of those laws. William never visited Hanover till this point, so his change in attitude towards Hanover was surprising.
-the Hambacher Fest is held, since 'demonstrations' were forbidden. The demands of liberty, civil and political rights, and popular sovereignty spreads its ideas around the west of Germany, which doesn't cause revolution, but begins swaying opinions in the west, and the south. The Göttingen Seven remain in Germany
1848:
-February - France experiences its revolutions, which sweep to other parts of Europe
-March - German states undergo revolutions, starting in Baden, then Hanover, Hessen, the Rhineland, and begins spreading east. The revolutionaries find themselves a larger base of support, causing more republics to form, starting with Baden. Royals begin granting more rights for fear of losing their power, including free press, speech, elected assemblies, right to arms, privacy (no search/seizure without warrants).
-Paulskirche pre-parliament held, with a rough 55-45% in favor of democratic and republican sentiments against the more conservative elements of German society. That soon changes.
-March-May - Austria and Hungary experience an explosion of violence from revolutionaries, and an awakening Hungarian nationalism amongst some of its peoples. Austrian pan-germanists agitate for a unified German state.
-April-June - revolution spreads to Poland, and into Russia, where the tsar is both distracted and worried by the protesting and revolutionary ideas in his realm.
-April-May - Prussia experiences its own revolution, with forces in Berlin facing poor and middle class agitating for additional rights. Frederick William IV becomes surrounded in his palace, with the people agitating for a popularly elected assembly, and additional freedoms. Simultaneously, Czech nationalists boycotted the Frankfurt Parliament.
-May-November - Austria experiences more instability as its army seems unable to stop the revolutionaries, and Hungarians revolt against Austrian forces.
-Paulskirche Parliament held, with both sides, conservatives and liberals, arguing back and forth on the form of the unified Germany, hoping to contain all German lands, including Austria and Prussia. The continued instability in Austria means its representatives fluctuate.
-June - Prague Pan-Slavic congress is held, demanding greater autonomy within the Empire for Czechs, who were surrounded by Germans.
-Prussian King Frederick William IV accepts the crown for his son, as his brother fled to England, then overseas, after his brutal reaction to the Berlin revolt only fueled the revolution in Prussia more. Polish in Posen are roughly split, but as 1848 goes on, roughly 2/3 desire to join in a German Empire, where their loyalties lie. They demand linguistic autonomy for education and business.
-June in Wallachia - with the Tsar occupied by his own troubles, revolutionaries in Wallachia were successful in their own revolution against the Russian authority, and soon declared an independent Wallachia by August
-France continues to be roiled, as does Russia, for most of 1848 and the first half of 1849. Italy undergoes its own revolutions, with Lombardy-Venice successfully defending and overthrowing the Austrian forces there, with a combined Sardinian-Tuscan force establishing an Italian government in the province.
-July - Italians defeat the Austrians at Custoza. Czechs begin an armed revolt in Bohemia and Moravia. Germans in "German Bohemia" and "Sudetenland" fight back against the Czech forces in those territories, while the Austrians attempt to send forces, though their army is stretched thin by simultaneous troubles in Hungary, Italy, and now in Bohemia-Moravia.
-July - Prussian King steps down, putting Friedrich III on the throne. Rhine province's revolutionaries declare independence and a republic, with Westphalia following suit. Other parts of Prussia remain when Friedrich agrees to a more liberal constitution, over the objections of conservatives, such as Prince Bismarck, but his moves, and support of the German Poles, keep Prussia intact from that point, and bring him support of the German Polish population.
-August 1848 - Italian forces and revolutionaries from Tuscany, Parma, Sardinia, Venice-Lombardy, and Piedmont agree to unite their territories, and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies agreed to at least an alliance, when it also appeared the Austrians were retreating past the Littoral, which Lombardy-Venice and Parma seized upon, sending in troops to annex the land. Italians had a surprising success in seizing the support of the Italians in the littoral, who joined their fellow Italians.
-August - Czech forces are pushed out of the territories that will be called "German Bohemia" and "Sudetenland" and a few border territories where Germans are the majority. Germans in Reichenberg declare independence from Bohemia, and loyalty to the Austrian Emperor
-August in Hungary - Hungarian revolutionaries, seizing upon the success of the Italians, along with Croatian-Slovakians, Galicians, and Dalmatians, begin overthrowing the Austrians in their lands.
-August- Wallachian forces enter Moldavia, pushing for a united Romanian state. After three weeks of intense fighting, the united Moldavian and Wallachian forces push out the Russians, and declare a united Romanian kingdom.
-September - War for Tirol - Italians begin their march into Tirol, intent upon seizing the Italian portion, if not the entire territory. The sizeable force of Italians marching through southern Tirol meets some resistance, even from fellow Italian-speaking people, but they quickly overpower them. The region that would become "South Tirol" by 1849, populated overwhelmingly by Germans, put up much more resistance, in their loyalty to Vienna. By the third week of fighting, the Italians withdrew to Alto-Aldige, and annexed the land to Italy.
-September - Austrian Silesia expels the final Czech nationalist forces, declaring independence from Moravia, declaring itself "Sudetenland" with its capital in Troppau, and loyalty to the Austrian Emperor. Germans begin leaving Iglau, Brünn, and Olmutz.
-September-November - Italians begin consolidating their territory into a unified Italian State. (Pope Pius' reaction?)
-September in Poland - Polish in Prussia supported the Polish Uprising, which Russia had a mixed response to, as the Russians were more occupied with the revolts in Russia Proper. The Greater Polish Uprising was encouraged in Prussia by the Germans as a way to keep Russia from possibly interfering with German union. From September to November, Poles began systemic attacks, along with Germans and Poles from Prussia, Silesia, and Posen, against the Russians in the Grand Duchy of Poland. The German hope was to create a Polish state under their 'protection' but this quickly evolved with events on the ground.
-September in Austria and Hungary - Hungary's revolutionaries have nearly bankrupted the Austrian forces, and nearly destroyed its army, which, without Russian assistance to crush the Hungarians, could not hold Hungary.
-September to January in Poland - The Polish forces initially hold, but begin to push back and win several battles against the Russians over the next several months.
-October Revolution in Hungary - the Hungarian crown is separated from the Austrian. Bohemia and Moravia are granted their own legislature from the Austrian crown to placate them, which, after a number of other concessions, prevents the cession of the Czech Lands (new name?) from Austria, though they do not join Germany, but are in personal union with the crown. Galicia is part of the new Hungarian crown. Fighting still continues in Carinthia, with Slovenians desiring to join Hungary over Austria. Austria now borders Bavaria to the east of that Kingdom.
-October-January - Slovenian forces draw support from Croatian-Slovakians and some Hungarians, in pushing back the German Austrians from Carinthia, and the southern part of Styria. Carinthia is in Slovenian control by November 20th. Styria is fought until January, when the Austrians agree to peace terms, leaving the territory split at the Drau river, except Marburg, which becomes Austrian territory. Lower Styria and Carinthia remain with Hungary. Germans begin willingly leaving Hungary, not all, but begin settling the border region of Austria.
-November War - in what was a literal 7-day "war" - Germans in Sopron demanded Hungary leave them as part of Austria. Hungarian forces wanted to quell the rebellion, but some of the more liberal members of the forming government let the border counties leave, including Sopron, and Preßburg, though the Slovaks in the new Hungarian assembly protested, but did not press the issue.
1849 - Paulskirche Verfassung is created, with the German Emperor elected from amongst the states in theory, but in practice is essentially hereditary. A Staatenhaus (upper chamber) and Volkshaus (lower chamber) are created, and a Cabinet with a Chancellor selected by the Emperor, and Ministers from the legislature.
-January - Poland declares independence as the Kingdom of Poland. Germany's tentative government lends support to this new land, mostly as a buffer against Russia, but sympathies in Posen and with some of the common German people as 'fellow liberals and revolutionaries' lend a bit of support to the new country.
-Prussia, weakened by the lost of its western provinces, and Austria, nearly bankrupted, accept union into the unified Germany. Friedrich III is crowned in Aachen as the German Emperor. The capital is set as Frankfurt, apart from Berlin or Vienna.
About this time, Germania becomes a popular personification of Germany, similar to Britannia, and Columbia for America.
-Poland becomes an ally of Germany.
1849-51 - First Schleswig War - Danes win the war, but the Germans prevent union of Schleswig with Denmark.
1858 - Danes wishing their democratic constitution to apply to fellow Danes in Schleswig begin agitating, leading to the outbreak of fighting, then full-on war with Germany. Friedrich III sends troops, but must divide forces to assist Poland when Russia sends troops in. The Second Schleswig War ends with the border roughly at Flensburg-Friesland. Germans in Tondern and Sonderburg are left in Denmark's control, while Danes in Flensburg are left in German control. A second provision on the part of Friedrich is an economic deal that lets Danish goods into Germany tariff-free, as well as German goods into Denmark.
1867 - Franco-German War - France, having achieved some success in Mexico, with its installation of a French-allied Emperor, believes it can achieve some success against Germany, which it believes is too large and a potential threat to France. France saw its opportunity as Germany was undergoing a recession at the time, due to trade issues with the United Kingdom and China, where Germany had just claimed Kiautschou Bay. Believing them to be distracted around the world, Napoleon III sent troops into Germany. For the first 4 months, the French were successful, and were merely slowed by the German response. Prussian militarism didn't take root in the Rhineland or in Westphalia in this timeline, and their republican militaries weren't ready to fight France. By 3 1/2 months in, however, the Germans began turning the tide, and the French were beginning to be pushed back. Italy joined the war on Germany's side, with the promise from Germany to seek territorial concessions at the peace table. By the 6th month of the war, the Germans had pushed into France, across Lorraine, with the Italians attacking in Corsica, Nice, and Savoy. Corsica fell, and the Italians began pushing further into France. Germans took Belfort, and were beginning to march towards Paris. By the time the Germans had nearly surrounded Paris, the French capitulated and agreed to peace terms. Nice, Savoy, and Corsica went to the Italians, while the Germans wavered on making any demands on territory, but Germans in Alsace-Lorraine pushed for annexation, and it was then annexed into Germany as a Republic. This German army, under orders from Berlin, let behind supplies for French peasants as they retreated into Germany after the treaty was signed. The Second Empire fell, and the Third Republic soon took its place.
This is a rough draft, and I know I had seen a timeline before that looks similar to this. I'm wondering if anyone can help me flesh this out and make it as reasonable and realistic as possible. I'm not 100% sure of what Austria's Emperor would be doing here, whether he'd resign or what else he would do. But essentially, after 1848, we have a unified Germany, a free Poland, a Romanian country, and a multi-ethnic Hungary.
1832 - Metternich introduced laws attempting to curb fledgling liberal movements in Germany. The foreign secretary in Britain, Lord Palmerston, opposed this, and is successful in gaining William's influence, causing the Hanoverian government to take the same position, leading to the failure of those laws. William never visited Hanover till this point, so his change in attitude towards Hanover was surprising.
-the Hambacher Fest is held, since 'demonstrations' were forbidden. The demands of liberty, civil and political rights, and popular sovereignty spreads its ideas around the west of Germany, which doesn't cause revolution, but begins swaying opinions in the west, and the south. The Göttingen Seven remain in Germany
1848:
-February - France experiences its revolutions, which sweep to other parts of Europe
-March - German states undergo revolutions, starting in Baden, then Hanover, Hessen, the Rhineland, and begins spreading east. The revolutionaries find themselves a larger base of support, causing more republics to form, starting with Baden. Royals begin granting more rights for fear of losing their power, including free press, speech, elected assemblies, right to arms, privacy (no search/seizure without warrants).
-Paulskirche pre-parliament held, with a rough 55-45% in favor of democratic and republican sentiments against the more conservative elements of German society. That soon changes.
-March-May - Austria and Hungary experience an explosion of violence from revolutionaries, and an awakening Hungarian nationalism amongst some of its peoples. Austrian pan-germanists agitate for a unified German state.
-April-June - revolution spreads to Poland, and into Russia, where the tsar is both distracted and worried by the protesting and revolutionary ideas in his realm.
-April-May - Prussia experiences its own revolution, with forces in Berlin facing poor and middle class agitating for additional rights. Frederick William IV becomes surrounded in his palace, with the people agitating for a popularly elected assembly, and additional freedoms. Simultaneously, Czech nationalists boycotted the Frankfurt Parliament.
-May-November - Austria experiences more instability as its army seems unable to stop the revolutionaries, and Hungarians revolt against Austrian forces.
-Paulskirche Parliament held, with both sides, conservatives and liberals, arguing back and forth on the form of the unified Germany, hoping to contain all German lands, including Austria and Prussia. The continued instability in Austria means its representatives fluctuate.
-June - Prague Pan-Slavic congress is held, demanding greater autonomy within the Empire for Czechs, who were surrounded by Germans.
-Prussian King Frederick William IV accepts the crown for his son, as his brother fled to England, then overseas, after his brutal reaction to the Berlin revolt only fueled the revolution in Prussia more. Polish in Posen are roughly split, but as 1848 goes on, roughly 2/3 desire to join in a German Empire, where their loyalties lie. They demand linguistic autonomy for education and business.
-June in Wallachia - with the Tsar occupied by his own troubles, revolutionaries in Wallachia were successful in their own revolution against the Russian authority, and soon declared an independent Wallachia by August
-France continues to be roiled, as does Russia, for most of 1848 and the first half of 1849. Italy undergoes its own revolutions, with Lombardy-Venice successfully defending and overthrowing the Austrian forces there, with a combined Sardinian-Tuscan force establishing an Italian government in the province.
-July - Italians defeat the Austrians at Custoza. Czechs begin an armed revolt in Bohemia and Moravia. Germans in "German Bohemia" and "Sudetenland" fight back against the Czech forces in those territories, while the Austrians attempt to send forces, though their army is stretched thin by simultaneous troubles in Hungary, Italy, and now in Bohemia-Moravia.
-July - Prussian King steps down, putting Friedrich III on the throne. Rhine province's revolutionaries declare independence and a republic, with Westphalia following suit. Other parts of Prussia remain when Friedrich agrees to a more liberal constitution, over the objections of conservatives, such as Prince Bismarck, but his moves, and support of the German Poles, keep Prussia intact from that point, and bring him support of the German Polish population.
-August 1848 - Italian forces and revolutionaries from Tuscany, Parma, Sardinia, Venice-Lombardy, and Piedmont agree to unite their territories, and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies agreed to at least an alliance, when it also appeared the Austrians were retreating past the Littoral, which Lombardy-Venice and Parma seized upon, sending in troops to annex the land. Italians had a surprising success in seizing the support of the Italians in the littoral, who joined their fellow Italians.
-August - Czech forces are pushed out of the territories that will be called "German Bohemia" and "Sudetenland" and a few border territories where Germans are the majority. Germans in Reichenberg declare independence from Bohemia, and loyalty to the Austrian Emperor
-August in Hungary - Hungarian revolutionaries, seizing upon the success of the Italians, along with Croatian-Slovakians, Galicians, and Dalmatians, begin overthrowing the Austrians in their lands.
-August- Wallachian forces enter Moldavia, pushing for a united Romanian state. After three weeks of intense fighting, the united Moldavian and Wallachian forces push out the Russians, and declare a united Romanian kingdom.
-September - War for Tirol - Italians begin their march into Tirol, intent upon seizing the Italian portion, if not the entire territory. The sizeable force of Italians marching through southern Tirol meets some resistance, even from fellow Italian-speaking people, but they quickly overpower them. The region that would become "South Tirol" by 1849, populated overwhelmingly by Germans, put up much more resistance, in their loyalty to Vienna. By the third week of fighting, the Italians withdrew to Alto-Aldige, and annexed the land to Italy.
-September - Austrian Silesia expels the final Czech nationalist forces, declaring independence from Moravia, declaring itself "Sudetenland" with its capital in Troppau, and loyalty to the Austrian Emperor. Germans begin leaving Iglau, Brünn, and Olmutz.
-September-November - Italians begin consolidating their territory into a unified Italian State. (Pope Pius' reaction?)
-September in Poland - Polish in Prussia supported the Polish Uprising, which Russia had a mixed response to, as the Russians were more occupied with the revolts in Russia Proper. The Greater Polish Uprising was encouraged in Prussia by the Germans as a way to keep Russia from possibly interfering with German union. From September to November, Poles began systemic attacks, along with Germans and Poles from Prussia, Silesia, and Posen, against the Russians in the Grand Duchy of Poland. The German hope was to create a Polish state under their 'protection' but this quickly evolved with events on the ground.
-September in Austria and Hungary - Hungary's revolutionaries have nearly bankrupted the Austrian forces, and nearly destroyed its army, which, without Russian assistance to crush the Hungarians, could not hold Hungary.
-September to January in Poland - The Polish forces initially hold, but begin to push back and win several battles against the Russians over the next several months.
-October Revolution in Hungary - the Hungarian crown is separated from the Austrian. Bohemia and Moravia are granted their own legislature from the Austrian crown to placate them, which, after a number of other concessions, prevents the cession of the Czech Lands (new name?) from Austria, though they do not join Germany, but are in personal union with the crown. Galicia is part of the new Hungarian crown. Fighting still continues in Carinthia, with Slovenians desiring to join Hungary over Austria. Austria now borders Bavaria to the east of that Kingdom.
-October-January - Slovenian forces draw support from Croatian-Slovakians and some Hungarians, in pushing back the German Austrians from Carinthia, and the southern part of Styria. Carinthia is in Slovenian control by November 20th. Styria is fought until January, when the Austrians agree to peace terms, leaving the territory split at the Drau river, except Marburg, which becomes Austrian territory. Lower Styria and Carinthia remain with Hungary. Germans begin willingly leaving Hungary, not all, but begin settling the border region of Austria.
-November War - in what was a literal 7-day "war" - Germans in Sopron demanded Hungary leave them as part of Austria. Hungarian forces wanted to quell the rebellion, but some of the more liberal members of the forming government let the border counties leave, including Sopron, and Preßburg, though the Slovaks in the new Hungarian assembly protested, but did not press the issue.
1849 - Paulskirche Verfassung is created, with the German Emperor elected from amongst the states in theory, but in practice is essentially hereditary. A Staatenhaus (upper chamber) and Volkshaus (lower chamber) are created, and a Cabinet with a Chancellor selected by the Emperor, and Ministers from the legislature.
-January - Poland declares independence as the Kingdom of Poland. Germany's tentative government lends support to this new land, mostly as a buffer against Russia, but sympathies in Posen and with some of the common German people as 'fellow liberals and revolutionaries' lend a bit of support to the new country.
-Prussia, weakened by the lost of its western provinces, and Austria, nearly bankrupted, accept union into the unified Germany. Friedrich III is crowned in Aachen as the German Emperor. The capital is set as Frankfurt, apart from Berlin or Vienna.
About this time, Germania becomes a popular personification of Germany, similar to Britannia, and Columbia for America.
-Poland becomes an ally of Germany.
1849-51 - First Schleswig War - Danes win the war, but the Germans prevent union of Schleswig with Denmark.
1858 - Danes wishing their democratic constitution to apply to fellow Danes in Schleswig begin agitating, leading to the outbreak of fighting, then full-on war with Germany. Friedrich III sends troops, but must divide forces to assist Poland when Russia sends troops in. The Second Schleswig War ends with the border roughly at Flensburg-Friesland. Germans in Tondern and Sonderburg are left in Denmark's control, while Danes in Flensburg are left in German control. A second provision on the part of Friedrich is an economic deal that lets Danish goods into Germany tariff-free, as well as German goods into Denmark.
1867 - Franco-German War - France, having achieved some success in Mexico, with its installation of a French-allied Emperor, believes it can achieve some success against Germany, which it believes is too large and a potential threat to France. France saw its opportunity as Germany was undergoing a recession at the time, due to trade issues with the United Kingdom and China, where Germany had just claimed Kiautschou Bay. Believing them to be distracted around the world, Napoleon III sent troops into Germany. For the first 4 months, the French were successful, and were merely slowed by the German response. Prussian militarism didn't take root in the Rhineland or in Westphalia in this timeline, and their republican militaries weren't ready to fight France. By 3 1/2 months in, however, the Germans began turning the tide, and the French were beginning to be pushed back. Italy joined the war on Germany's side, with the promise from Germany to seek territorial concessions at the peace table. By the 6th month of the war, the Germans had pushed into France, across Lorraine, with the Italians attacking in Corsica, Nice, and Savoy. Corsica fell, and the Italians began pushing further into France. Germans took Belfort, and were beginning to march towards Paris. By the time the Germans had nearly surrounded Paris, the French capitulated and agreed to peace terms. Nice, Savoy, and Corsica went to the Italians, while the Germans wavered on making any demands on territory, but Germans in Alsace-Lorraine pushed for annexation, and it was then annexed into Germany as a Republic. This German army, under orders from Berlin, let behind supplies for French peasants as they retreated into Germany after the treaty was signed. The Second Empire fell, and the Third Republic soon took its place.
This is a rough draft, and I know I had seen a timeline before that looks similar to this. I'm wondering if anyone can help me flesh this out and make it as reasonable and realistic as possible. I'm not 100% sure of what Austria's Emperor would be doing here, whether he'd resign or what else he would do. But essentially, after 1848, we have a unified Germany, a free Poland, a Romanian country, and a multi-ethnic Hungary.
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