Controversies in Miguel da Paz’s reign
Renee decided in 1530 to go back to France with her children to raise them in France and Miguel da Paz falls for Anne Boleyn, the lady in waiting of Claude of France, he has a son with Anne Boleyn named Duarte Pio Born in June 6 1531.
Joanna and Nicolas
Joanna decided to flee to France after she knew that there is no way to defeat castile in 1478, In 1480 Joanna decided to give up her claims to the Castilian throne nd she married Nicolas the Count of Provence and the Duke of Lorraine they have a daughter named Francesca born in January 6 1482, who was married to Philbert after his wife Yolande died in 1499 who became Philbert II of Savoy later Francesca gives birth to Charles I of Provence and Savoy in January 6 1501, he would inherit both Piedmont, Savoy and Provence he would create the Kingdom of Piedmont-Provence he marries Beatrice of Portugal, the younger sister of Miguel Da Paz in 1520 they have a son named Emanuel in August 5 1522 who is betrothed to Maria of Portugal the son of Emanuel and Maria, Roger/Ruggero of Provence and Savoy born on 1445 who later married Elisabeth of Valois which produced a line of Savoy dukes with the claim to French and Spanish thrones.
Exhiled Rose
Edward of Westminister does not go back to England and Catherine of Navarre marries Edward of Westminister in 1490, Edward of Westminister was granted Gascony after the death of Duke Du Berry in the condition that he will never claim the English throne this would have started the Plantagenet rulers of Navarre with their son Henry II Plantagenet of Navarre born on April 19, 1492. Who later married Margaret of Valois which marriage produced Jeanne Plantagenet or other born in June 5 1528 who married Anthony Bourbon in 1548, Jeanne Plantagenet or Joan of Aquitaine was a staunch Calvinist in July 15, 1551 Henry Bourbon of Navarre was born, he will be called Henry the Conqueror or Henri le Conquerant.
Henry II
Henry was born in the royal Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, the son of Francis I and Claude, Duchess of Brittany (daughter of Louis XII of France and Anne, Duchess of Brittany).
His father was captured at the Battle of Pavia in 1525 by his sworn enemy, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and held prisoner in Spain.[2] To obtain his release it was eventually agreed that Henry and his older brother be sent to Spain in his place. They remained in captivity for three years.
Henry married Catherine de' Medici (13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589) on 28 October 1533, when they were both fourteen years old. The following year, he became romantically involved with a thirty-five-year-old widow, Diane de Poitiers. They had always been very close: she had publicly embraced him on the day he set off to Spain, and during a jousting tournament, he insisted his lance carry her ribbon instead of his wife's. Diane became Henry's most trusted confidante and, for the next twenty-five years, wielded considerable influence behind the scenes, even signing royal documents. Extremely confident, mature and intelligent, she left Catherine powerless to intervene. She did, however, insist that Henry sleep with Catherine in order to produce heirs to the throne.
When his elder brother, Francis, died in 1536 after a game of tennis, Henry became heir to the throne. He succeeded his father on his 28th birthday and was crowned King of France on 25 July 1547 at Cathedral of Notre-Dame in Reims.
Henry's reign was marked by the persecution of the Protestant Huguenots. Henry II severely punished them, particularly the ministers: burning them at the stake or cutting off their tongues for uttering heresies. Even those only suspected of being Huguenots could be imprisoned. The Edict of Châteaubriant (27 June 1551) called upon the civil and ecclesiastical courts to detect and punish all heretics and placed severe restrictions on Huguenots, including the loss of one-third of their property to informers, and confiscations. It also strictly regulated publications by prohibiting the sale, importation or printing of any unapproved book. It was during the reign of Henry II, Huguenot attempts at establishing a colony in Brazil were made, with the short-lived formation of France Antarctique.
He survived longer and seen his sons die a cruel death and see Elisabeth of Valois married to Roger of Savoy and his grandson Henry Emanuel who was born on May 5,1466, He saw Henry Emanuel grow up and he groomed him to be the future king but Henry Emanuel was never able to be the King of France because of Henry II retracted his will for Henry Emanuel to be a king but Henry of Navarre would be the king of France after his death in 1480.
Henry VII, Henry VIII and Valois England
Henry VII also made some political capital out of his Welsh ancestry; for instance, in attracting military support and safeguarding his army's passage through Wales on its way to the Battle of Bosworth. He came from an old-established Anglesey family which claimed descent from Cadwaladr (in legend, the last ancient British king)] and on occasion, Henry displayed the red dragon of Cadwaladr. He took it, as well as the standard of St George, on his procession through London after victory at Bosworth. A contemporary writer and Henry's biographer, Bernard André, also made much of Henry's Welsh descent.
In reality, however, his hereditary connections to Welsh aristocracy were not strong. He was descended by the paternal line, through several generations, to Ednyfed Fychan, the seneschal (steward) of Gwynedd and through this seneschal's wife to Rhys ap Tewdwr, the King of Deheubarth in South Wales.
His more immediate ancestor Tudur ap Goronwy had aristocratic land rights but his sons, who were first cousins to Owain Glyndwr, sided with Owain in his revolt. One son was executed and the family land was forfeited. Another son, Henry's great grandfather, became a butler to the Bishop of Bangor. Owen Tudor, the son of the butler, like the children of other rebels, was provided for by Henry V, a circumstance which precipitated his access to Queen Catherine of Valois.
Notwithstanding this lineage, to the bards of Wales, Henry was a candidate for Y Mab Darogan - 'The son of Prophesy' who would free the Welsh from oppression.
In 1456, his father, Edmund Tudor, was captured while fighting for Henry VI in South Wales against the Yorkists. He died in Carmarthen Castle, three months before Henry was born. Henry's uncle, Jasper Tudor, the Earl of Pembroke and Edmund's younger brother, undertook to protect the young widow, who was 13 years old when she gave birth to Henry. When Edward IV became King in 1461, Jasper Tudor went into exile abroad. Pembroke Castle, and later the Earldom of Pembroke, were granted to the Yorkist William Herbert, who also assumed the guardianship of Margaret Beaufort and the young Henry.
Henry VIII lived in the Herbert household till 1469, when Warwick, the 'Kingmaker', went over to the Lancastrians. Herbert was captured fighting for the Yorkists and executed by Warwick.[15] When Warwick restored Henry VI in 1470, Jasper Tudor returned from exile and brought Henry to court. When the Yorkist Edward IV regained the throne in 1471, Henry fled with other Lancastrians to Brittany, where he spent most of the next 14 years.
The first concern Henry had was to secure his hold on the throne. His claim to the throne was that he was the last reasonably legitimate male descendant of Edward III.
He honoured his pledge of December 1483 to marry Elizabeth of York. They were third cousins, as both were great-great-grandchildren of John of Gaunt. The marriage took place on 18 January 1486 at Westminster. The marriage unified the warring houses and gave his children a strong claim to the throne. The unification of the houses of York and Lancaster by this marriage is symbolized by the heraldic emblem of the Tudor rose, a combination of the white rose of York and the red rose of Lancaster. It also ended future discussion as to whether the descendants of the fourth son of Edward III, Edmund, Duke of York, through marriage to Phillipa, heiress of the second son, Lionel, Duke of Clarence, had a superior or inferior claim to those of the third son John of Gaunt, who had held the throne for three generations. In addition, Henry had Parliament repeal Titulus Regius, the statute that declared Edward IV's marriage as invalid and his children illegitimate, thus legitimizing his wife. Amateur historians Bertram Fields and Sir Clements Markham have claimed that he may have been involved in the murder of the Princes in the Tower, as the repeal of Titulus Regius gave the Princes a stronger claim to the throne than his own. Alison Weir, however, points out that the Rennes ceremony, two years earlier, was possible only if Henry VII and his supporters were certain that the Princes were already dead.
Henry VII's second action was to declare himself king retroactively from the day before Bosworth Field. This meant that anyone who had fought for Richard against him would be guilty of treason. Thus, Henry VII could legally confiscate the lands and property of Richard III while restoring his own. However, he spared Richard's nephew and designated heir, the Earl of Lincoln. He also created Margaret Plantagenet, a Yorkist heiress, Countess of Salisbury sui juris. He took great care not to address the baronage, or summon Parliament, until after his coronation. At the same time, he almost immediately afterwards issued an edict that any gentleman who swore fealty to him would, notwithstanding any previous attainder, be secure in his property and person.
Henry secured his crown principally by dividing and undermining the power of the nobility, especially through the aggressive use of bonds and recognisances to secure loyalty. He also enacted laws against livery and maintenance, the great lords' practice of having large numbers of "retainers" who wore their lord's badge or uniform and formed a potential private army.
Henry VII was threatened by several rebellions in the next few years. The first was the Stafford and Lovell Rebellion of 1486, which collapsed without fighting.
In 1487, Yorkists led by Lincoln rebelled in support of Lambert Simnel, a boy who was claimed to be the Earl of Warwick, son of Edward IV's brother Clarence (who was actually a prisoner in the Tower). The rebellion was defeated and Lincoln killed at the Battle of Stoke. Henry made the boy Simnel a servant in the royal kitchen.
In 1490, a young Fleming, Perkin Warbeck, appeared and claimed to be Richard, the younger of the "Princes in the Tower". Warbeck won the support of Edward IV's sister Margaret of Burgundy. He led attempted invasions of Ireland in 1491 and England in 1495, and persuaded James IV of Scotland to invade England in 1496. In 1497 Warbeck landed in Cornwall with a few thousand troops, but was soon captured and executed.
In 1499, Henry VII had the Earl of Warwick executed. However, he spared Warwick's elder sister Margaret. She survived till 1541, when she was executed by Henry VIII.
Henry VIII became impatient with Catherine's inability to produce the heir he desired. All of Catherine's children died in infancy except their daughter Mary. Henry wanted a male heir to consolidate the power of the Tudor dynasty, Catherine dies of cancer sadly and Henry dies of a horse accident in 1439 and Mary of England marries Charles d’Angouleme in 1539 which was approved by Henry VIII before he died, the marriage of Mary and Charles only produced a daughter named Mary, Mary II of England born in January 6 1540 who married the King of Spain Duarte in 1560, Mary was deposed and her sons disinherited of the English throne once Henry of Navarre conquered England once he asserts his rights for the throne in 1580 after he becomes the King of France after the death of Henry II..
Reign of Duarte of Spain
Duarte of Spain’s era was known to be an era of tolerance and expansion and he would sign a treaty of tolerance in Spain for the Protestants and he married Mary II of England and his son Duarte, the future Duarte II was born in February 2 1561 after Duarte and Mary II are married in 1560.
Unification of France and England
Jacqueline of Scotland born in June 19 1566, the daughter of Mary Queen of Scots, and Grand Daughter of Henry VII of England marries Henry of Navarre in 1590 after the death of Margaret of Valois and he converts to Catholicism the throne of England, Scotland and France had been merged with them Henry III of France conquers England from Mary he asserts that he is the true Lancastrian heir not the Tudors and he becomes known as Henry the Conqueror or Henri Le Conquerant, They would have two children Louis born in September 6, 1591 and Marie born in October 6 1592.