Jonas Malheiro Sawimbi (born 3 August 1934) has been the
President of Angola since 22 February 1976 and as such, is one of the longest-ruling heads of state of Africa.
Born to an Ovimbundu family, Sawimbi was noted by Protestant missionnaries and later German administrators as a very intelligent child, quickly mastering Portuguese, German, French and English ; it allowed him to become among the first recipients of the Kaiser Louis Ferdinand Scholarship, created after the Dar-es-Salaam Agreements, aimed at improving Africa’s chances for independence. He studied medicine in Heildeberg University, completing his Ph.D. at 28, in 1962, becoming among the first dark-skinned individuals to achieve such a degree in Germany. Sawimbi practiced medicine in Frankfurt and Berlin while getting close to Angolan émigré circles, advocating for independence : even if he thought about settling definitively in Germany, he said that the 1968 riots in Berlin and the French Situationist Revolution convinced him that Europe was ripe for a new wave of Syndicalism and that it felt to him to improve Angola’s chances. An ally of independentist Holden Roberto, he joined him in Benguela on Angola’s independence, becoming the country’s first Minister of Health.
Even if he was a member of the government, Sawimbi enlisted in the Angolan military during the Kongo-Angola War (1974-1975) : even if the war resulted in Angolan defeat, Sawimbi proved a keen tactician and a brave soldier, allowing him to become even more famous ; a critic of Roberto’s policies, he founded the conservative/pro-German UNITA party and ran for President in the 1975 presidential election ; he lost to poet Viriato da Cruz, who appointed him as Minister of Defense. Cruz would only rule for less than a year before Sawimbi, acquainted with German intelligence and Angolan conservative circles, deposed him in a coup in 1976 and became President. He was re-elected in 1981, 1986, 1991, 1998, 2005, 2012 and 2019.
Sawimbi had an unsteady early presidency : a Pan-Africanist coup attempt in 1977, led by Colonel Nito Alves, led to the Angolan Civil War (1977-1987), that was won by Sawimbi with German support. Now firmly installed as the only ruler of Angola, Sawimbi established the country as a firm member of the Reichspakt and a close ally of Germany in the Dark Continent, allowing German firms to exploit the country iron ores, and vehemently fighting neo-ketimism in the 1990s. If in Europe and America, Sawimbi has been seen as a very intelligent ruler and the man who allowed his country to become among Africa’s fastest growing economies, he is seen in Africa as a power-hungry dictator : his attempt, with the 1991 Constitution, at fostering multipartism in Angola, led to an impeachment attempt in 1994, that would only result in an auto-coup and a suspension of the Constitution the following year. The Constitution was restablished in 2002 under German pressure. In 2010, Sawimbi was almost killed in an assassination attempt, that led him to prepare his succession. Angola is currently a key player in the Reichspakt’s fight against Azania.