Chapter XI: January, 1973
Nazi Space Spy
Banned
January, 1973.
Speaker Carl Albert (D-OK)
Though the People’s Republic’s government denied shooting down the Soviet plane, the regime of Leonid Brezhnev and his sycophants were eager to exploit the death of a rising Central Committee member in order to put pressure on China over disputed borders near Manchuria and Mongolia. Tensions would linger for months after the clash, with the more aggressive voices in the Kremlin and in Peking urgently warning that the two competing communist nations could no longer coexist. China meanwhile announced that the missing B-2 crew who had disappeared over China the month before had been taken into custody, with the captured airmen being paraded before the cameras in a propaganda coup while being denounced as “imperialist air pirates.”
Though President Nixon had cultivated a working relationship with the Chinese government, the unclear election results saw both Moscow and Peking adopting a “wait and see” attitude towards diplomatic activity with the United States. Nixon, having engaged both nations, knew the importance of maintaining these ties in order to wedge the communist apart and play them against one another on the world stage. Though the United States formally condemned the Chinese capture of American airmen, there was little Nixon could do. Confident that Kissinger would be able to negotiate their release, the President's focus was on the contingency election ahead. This was also true of the media.
The difficulties with China took a backseat to the contingency election, which began on January 5th, 1973. With just two weeks until the inauguration, the tension in the air was palpable. The night before, Nixon and McKeithen both addressed the nation in separate televised broadcasts, presenting a final case to the Congressmen and women who would now be deciding their political fates. The House went first, convening at 1:00 PM to vote to certify the electoral college results. A number of challenges from both sides significantly delayed the process, which extended well into the early hours of the morning on the following day after fifteen hours. The final result guaranteed that a contingency election would have to be conducted in accordance to the constitution.
On the 8th, the Senate convened to cast their votes for Vice President. Limited to choosing the top two electoral vote getters, the race seemed to be Bayh’s to lose. The Senators voted individually rather than by block, which made the process appear to be easier than the House votes to a fascinated public. All three major broadcasting networks reported ratings records as millions of Americans watched the proceedings religiously. The growing threat of an unprecedented constitutional crisis, it turned out, was quite a moneymaker. The Senate convened at 11:30 AM, with incumbent Vice President Spiro Agnew presiding over the Senate which was about to decide his fate. The roll call was read by the clerk as part of a voice vote:
1973 Vice Presidential Contingency Election
James Abourezk (D-SD) – Bayh
George Aiken (R-VT) - Agnew
James Allen (D-AL) – Agnew
Howard Baker (R-TN) – Agnew
Birch Bayh (D-IN) - Bayh
Agnew = 3 Bayh = 2
John G. Beall (R-MD) – Agnew
Henry Bellmon (R-OK) – Agnew
Wallace Bennett (R-UT) - Agnew
Lloyd Bentsen (D-TX) – Bayh
Allen Bible (D-NV) – Bayh
Agnew = 6 Bayh = 4
Joe Biden (D-DE) – Bayh
William E. Brock III (R-TN) – Agnew
Edward Brooke (R-MA) - Agnew
James L. Buckley (C-NY)- Agnew
Quentin Burdick (D-ND) – Bayh
Agnew = 9 Bayh = 6
Harry F. Byrd (ID-VA) – Agnew
Robert Byrd (D-WV)- Bayh
Howard Cannon (D-NV) – Bayh
Clifford Case (D-NJ) – Bayh
Lawton Chiles (D-FL) - Bayh
Agnew = 10 Bayh = 10
Frank Church (D-ID) - Bayh
Marlowe Cook (R-KY) – Agnew
Norris Cotton (R-NH) - Agnew
Alan Cranston (D-CA) – Bayh
Carl Curtis (R-NV) – Agnew
Agnew= 13 Bayh = 12
Robert Dole (R-KS) – Agnew
Peter Domenici (R-NM) - Agnew
Peter Dominick (R-CO) - Agnew
Thomas Eagleton (D-MO) - Bayh
James Eastland (D-MS) – Agnew
Agnew = 17 Bayh = 13
Ed Edmondson (D-OK) - Bayh
Sam Ervin (D-NC) – Bayh
Paul Fannin (R-AZ) – Agnew
Orval Faubus (ID-AR) – Agnew
Hiram Fong (R-HI) – Agnew
Agnew = 20 Bayh = 15
Barry Goldwater (R-AZ) – Agnew
Mike Gravel (D-AK) – Bayh
Robert Griffin (R-MI) – Agnew
Edward Gurney (R-FL) – Agnew
Clifford Hansen (R-WY) – Agnew
Agnew = 24 Bayh = 16
William Fulbright (D-AR) – Bayh
Phillip Hart (D-MI) – Bayh
Vince Hartke (D-IN) – Bayh
Floyd Haskell (D-CO) – Bayh
Mark Hatfiled (R-OR) – Agnew
Agnew = 25 Bayh 20
Jesse Helms (R-NC) – Agnew
Ernest Hollings (D-SC) – Bayh
Roman Hruska (R-NE) – Agnew
Harold Hughes (D-IA) – Bayh
Hubert H. Humphrey (D-MN) – Bayh
Agnew = 27 Bayh = 23
Daniel Inouye (D-HI) – Bayh
Henry Jackson (D-WA) – Bayh
Jacob Javits (R-NY) – Agnew
J. Bennett Johnston (D-LA) – Bayh
Edward M. Kennedy (D-MA) – Bayh
Agnew = 28 Bayh = 27
Russell B. Long (D-LA) – Bayh
Warren Magnuson (D-WA) – Bayh
Michael Mansfield (D-MT) – Bayh
Charles Mathias (R-MD) - Agnew
James A. McClure (R-ID) - Agnew
Agnew = 30 Bayh = 30
Gale McGee (D-WY) – Bayh
George McGovern (D-SD) - Bayh
Thomas McIntyre (D-NH) – Bayh
Lee Metcalf (D-MT) – Bayh
Jack Miller (R-IA) – Agnew
Agnew = 34 Bayh = 31
Walter Mondale (D-MN) – Bayh
Joseph Montoya (D-NM) - Bayh
Edward Moss (D-UT) – Bayh
Edmund Muskie (D-ME) - Bayh
Gaylord Nelson (D-WS) – Bayh
Agnew = 34 Bayh = 36
Louie B. Nunn (R-KY) – Agnew
Sam Nunn (D-GA) – Bayh
Robert Packwood (R-OR) – Agnew
John O. Pastore (D-RI) – Bayh
James B. Pearson (R-KS) – Agnew
Agnew = 37 Bayh = 38
Claiborne Pell (D-RI) – Bayh
Charles H. Percy (R-IL) – Agnew
William Proxmire (D-WS) – Bayh
Jennings Randolph (D-VA) – Bayh
Abraham Ribicoff (D-CT) – Bayh
Agnew = 38 Bayh = 42
William Roth (R-DE) – Agnew
William Saxbe (R-OH) – Agnew
Hugh Scott (R-PA) – Agnew
William Scott (R-VA) – Agnew
Richard Schewiker (R-PA) - Agnew
Agnew = 43 Bayh = 42
Margaret Chase-Smith (R-ME) – Bayh
John Sparkman (D-AL) – Bayh
Robert Stafford (R-VT) – Agnew
John Stennis (D-MS) – Bayh
Ted Stevens (R-AK) – Agnew
Agnew = 45 Bayh = 45
Adlai Stevenson III (D-IL) – Bayh
Stuart Symington (D-MO) – Bayh
Robert Taft Jr. (R-OH) – Agnew
Herman Talmadge (D-GA) – Agnew
Storm Thurmond (R-SC) – Agnew
Agnew= 48 Bayh = 47
John Tower (R-TX) – Agnew
John V. Tunney (D-CA) – Bayh
Lowell Weicker (R-CT) – Bayh
Harrison Williams (D-NJ) – Bayh
Milton Young (R-ND) – Agnew
Agnew= 50 Bayh = 50
With a smirk creeping up his face, and a stunned silence over the Senate, the incumbent Vice President did the unthinkable and broke the tie in his favor, thus concluding his election as Vice President. There was plenty of controversy in and around Washington and indeed the whole country over his vote, which Senator Margaret Chase Smith (R-ME) criticized as a “profile in cowardice.” Democratic Senator Eugene Talmadge finds himself under fire from almost all of his colleagues, with Senator Byrd of West Virginia angrily informing Talmadge that his political career was over as a result of his surprise vote for Agnew. The Senate's top Democrats were quick to persuade term limited Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter to primary him in the 1974 Senate election as a result of Talmadge's support for Agnew, a decision Talmadge would continue to defend until the end of his life.
Yet there was still work that needed to be done in the House, where McKeithen, Nixon, and Wallace were contesting the presidency. For the next three days, the House continually deadlocked ballot after ballot as none of the three candidates in the race could cobble up the support of 26 delegations needed to claim the White House. The deadlocks continued, with each vote producing a different result. Alaska’s special election was held to elect Nick Begich’s successor in the House, for example. The race resulted in Don Young being elected to represent the state’s at-large district, which added a new vote into Nixon’s column. A week after, the House began to vote on January 12th. With just eight days left before the inauguration, tensions in the House chamber boiled over with each vote, and at times it felt increasingly likely that the room would explode into an outright riot. Congresswoman Elizabeth Holtzman (D-NY), one of the youngest members of Congress, quipped “who here seriously wants Spiro Agnew to be President?” to roars of laughter and thundering boos.
President Nixon followed the proceedings through radio in the Oval Office, with the increasingly real prospect that he will be, at least temporarily, suspended from the Presidency while Agnew assumes the role of Acting President until the election was resolved by the House of Representatives. Many conversations with top staffers, later caught on the infamous White House taping system, exposed Nixon's raw disdain for Agnew and the Republicans in Congress, whom he dismissed as "wets." Taking advantage of the powers of his office one last time, Nixon ordered that bombing raids targeting North Vietnam would be conducted in response to their temporary withdrawal from peace talks, which would continue through inauguration day.
On the same day as the bombing resumption, US Attorney George Beall empaneled a grand jury in Maryland to investigate kickbacks and bribes taken by officials and individuals associated with then Governor Spiro Agnew. But this distant controversy was a quiet, lingering subplot obscured by the constitutional crisis and the resumed bombing of North Vietnam. Though his Chief of Staff warned him that there was the potential for scandal in relation to the Beall investigation, Vice President Agnew was busily engaged in preperation for the possible ascension to the office of President, if only on an interim, acting basis until the election could be resolved. Agnew angrily dismissed the story when pressed by reporters whether he was aware of the bribery scandal and claimed innocence, and there was little evidence to suggest the story would consume him the way Watergate was consuming his boss.
Foreign affairs seemed far off from the focus of most Americans, but events in Asia occupied the mind of Henry Kissinger and the President. The Chinese had halted Soviet weapons shipments to North Vietnam, forcing Soviet vessels to deliver their cargo to Hanoi. This slowed down the North Vietnamese regime’s ability to conduct the fierce campaign against South Vietnam in conjunction with their Viet Cong allies. In a series of secretive late night calls to contacts around the world, Kissinger worked hard to prepare American allies for the Nixon - Agnew transition, confidently informing America's global partners that the foreign policy of the United States would remain unchanged. Portraying the Vice President as a politically moderate and personable figure who Kissinger sold as a capable and worthy successor to President Nixon, there was a surge of public and media interest with the man who would soon become the most powerful man in the world.
Vice President Spiro Agnew is sworn in as Vice President - and thus acting President - as Nixon looks on.
The election of a President remained unresolved as the snow fell down upon Washington on the morning of January 20th, where Agnew was sworn in as Vice President (and thus immediately assuming the role as acting President as well) while a nervous Richard Nixon watched on. With the passing of Lyndon Johnson just two days prior along with the constitutional crisis at hand, there were no celebrations in Washington to mark Agnew’s ascension to the highest office in the land.Mr. Chief Justice, President Nixon, Speaker Albert, my fellow Americans:
The oath that I have taken is the same oath that was taken by George Washington and by every President under the Constitution. But I assume the acting Presidency under extraordinary circumstances never before experienced by Americans. This is an hour of history that troubles our minds and hurts our hearts.
I am acutely aware that you have not elected me as your President, that I have succeeded to the first office of the land only by a turn of fate, and assumed this office only as a caretaker of our great government until such time as the final decision shall be made by those empowered by our great civil contract - the Constitution - do so according to law. Until such time as this happens it is my intent to serve this nation as Chief Executive in a manner which will protect our freedom and security, but which will not exceed the limited mandate I have been given.
If you have not chosen me by secret ballot, neither have I gained office by any secret promises. Recently I campaigned for the office of Vice President in support of our President. But, though I have not campaigned for the Presidency, I will not shirk it. Those who elected me to serve another term as Vice President were my friends and are my friends. They were of both parties, elected by all the people and acting under the Constitution in their name. It is only fitting then that I should pledge to them and to you that I will be the acting President for all of the people. It is appropriate that I should act to earn their trust by applying myself to steadfastly govern with integrity and humility.
Thomas Jefferson said the people are the only sure reliance for the preservation of our liberty. And down the years, Abraham Lincoln renewed this American article of faith asking, "is there any better way or equal hope in the world?"
I intend, as soon as it practicable, to request of the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate the privilege of appearing before the Congress to share with my former colleagues and with you, the American people, my views on the priority business of the Nation and to solicit your views and their views. Even though a contingent election is pending in the House, it is not likely at this time that we shall see a speedy resolution. But the nation and the world cannot wait indefinitely on this matter. There is no way we can go forward except together and no way anybody can win except by serving the people's urgent needs. We cannot stand still or slip backwards. We must go forward now together.
To the peoples and the governments of all friendly nations, I pledge an uninterrupted and sincere search for peace. America will remain strong and united, but its strength will remain dedicated to the safety and sanity of the entire family of man, as well as to our own precious freedom.
To our adversaries and those who wish us less than the best, I warn you that our resolve is as strong today as at any time in our past. The United States of America remains fixed in its dedication to freedom and to the preservation of the security of the world. Throughout my tenure, however long or short, I will pledge myself to protecting our friends and meeting any challenge put forward by our foes. This is a responsibility of this office which transcends any single man. To the world I say, if you choose not to walk with us, then you risk being thought of as our adversary, for we will not sit idle and allow our domestic concerns to distract us from our nation's historic responsibility in the world. In your hands, not mine, rest the power of peace or conflict in this world. Join with us then on the path of peace, and we shall have no need of conflict or the engines of war.
I believe that truth is the glue that holds government together, not only our Government but civilization itself. That bond, though strained, is unbroken at home and abroad. Wherever our nation goes, we must be the beacon of truth and the herald of freedom. As President Kennedy once said, we did not chose this role, it was thrust upon us by history and fate, but we, as a people, are more than equal to this responsibility.
My fellow Americans, our Constitution works; our great Republic is a government of laws and not of men. Here the people rule. But there is a higher Power, by whatever name we honor Him, who ordains not only righteousness but love, not only justice but mercy. And by this truth will we overcome the painful and more poisonous divisions which have cut through our society. Let us restore the golden rule to our political process, and let brotherly love purge our hearts of suspicion and of hate. Let us proclaim once more that we are a nation of righteousness, pledged to the higher course in all of our affairs.
With all the strength and all the good sense I have gained from life, with all the confidence my family, my friends, and my dedicated staff impart to me, and with the good will of countless decent, upright Americans I have encountered in recent visits to more than 40 States, I now solemnly affirm my promise to you to uphold the Constitution, to do what is right as God gives me to see the right, and to do the very best I can for America.
May God bless you and the United States.
- The above remarks by Agnew, as well as the whole constitutional crisis, are the works on Drew.
- You may notice a few changes to the composition of the Senate, such as Biden being elected or Jack Miller being reelected.