February, 1974.
Speaker Albert and Senate Majority Mansfield pictured with Senator Weicker.
The confirmation of William Scranton by the House of Representatives in January marked the start of the final chapter in his nomination process - the Senate, though divided down partisan lines, had largely been receptive of President Gavin's selection of the former Pennsylvania Governor, though there was still opposition in some quarters. Many conservative voices in the Senate, particularly Senators Buckley (C-NY) and Helms (R-NC) were fiercely opposed to Scranton's selection, as were some liberals, including Senator Joe Biden (D-DE), who argued that Senator Bayh should've been nominated by the President in the name of national unity. Despite these small hurdles, President Gavin and his Vice Presidential nominee found that cooler heads were prevailing behind closed doors, with meetings with Speaker Albert (D-OK) and Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield (D-MT) proceeding smoothly. Speaker Albert had little interest in ascending to the Presidency, having already once resigned (temporarily) from the Speakership in order to allow General Gavin to take office. After shepherding the nomination of Scranton through the House of Representatives, Albert seemed to be putting greater pressure on Mansfield to confirm Scranton than the President himself. The congressional leadership in both chambers and in both parties had a desire to fill the vacant Vice Presidency in order to stabilize the presidential succession through the 1976 elections, though the pace at which the process was playing out was criticized by many on the hard left and right who felt the nomination was being rammed through for the purposes of political expediency.
There was another confirmation battle underway in the Gavin administration which quietly and smoothly played out in the shadow of the Scranton confirmation process; after a series of friendly hearings before the Senate Armed Services Committee, the Committee voted unanimously to advance his nomination to the full Senate for a vote. But during these nomination hearings, there was one issue which overshadowed both the wars in Syria and Vietnam, one issue which so dominated the discussion that the words "Soviet Union" and "China" barely arose. The source of the controversy was the Vietnam Oversight Act of 1974, introduced to the House of Representatives by Congressman Ron Dellums (D-CA) and Pete McCloskey (R-CA), which would dramatically restrict the President's ability to personally conduct the course of the war in Vietnam. The act, which prohibited the military from conducting any operations outside of South Vietnam's borders and curtailed the army's ability to conduct several different types of operations, was rocketing through the House of Representatives as members of both parties threw their weight behind it. The Senate was more divided over the legislation, with many supporting it's aims while also voicing concern over the precedent that could be set. Secretary of Defense-designee Stuart Symington argued forcefully in favor of the President's position during his confirmation hearings, claiming that the legislation was unconstitutional.
"This 'ain't parliament" cracked Symington,
"this isn't the proper role of Congress under our constitution." The House of Representatives voted 291-144 on the 19th to pass the bill, sending it to the Senate, where the leadership hoped to kill it in committee. But this effort failed when Senator John Tunney (D-CA) introduced the bill directly to the Senate, having it co-sponsored by Senators Birch Bayh (D-IN), Joe Biden (D-DE), Edward Kennedy (D-MA), Walter Mondale (D-MN), and Bob Proxmire (D-WI). After four days of heated debate, and with immense pressure to vote in favor of the legislation, the Senate voted 68-32 to adopt the Vietnam Oversight Act. President Gavin immediately vetoed the bill in the face of a public uproar, and his popularity cratered as peace activists turned up the dial on their efforts to press Congress into overriding the veto.
Just six months after then President Agnew was indicted on tax evasion charges, his former boss was facing troubles of his own. Former President Richard Nixon was indicted in the District of Columbia on numerous charges, including obstruction of justice, conspiracy to obstruct justice, interstate activity meant to further an on-going conspiracy, violations of the Federal Elections Act, conspiracy to violate provisions of the Federal Telecommunications Act, tax evasion, perjury and abuse of official authority to obstruct the investigation of federal crimes. The former President vehemently protested innocence and predicting eventual acquittal, but the prospect of a former President being charged and possibly convicted on crimes committed while in office dominated the headlines, and his pleas of innocence did little to sway public opinion. President Gavin found himself under pressure from Senate Republicans who urged Gavin to pardon his disgraced predecessor, but the scab of Watergate had been pulled back already, and an already polarized nation debated Nixon's innocence or guilt as furiously as they did Agnew's impeachment and the extraordinary circumstances that propelled Gavin to power. Employing Edward Bennett Williams as his lawyer, Nixon's legal team worked strenuously to tie up the trial, and early court proceedings resulted in a series of delays. Many observers and legal analysts in the press predicted that it could be a year or perhaps even longer before the former President receives a verdict in what many called "the trial of the century."
Many saw the trial of former President Nixon and the controversial rise of Gavin and Scranton to high office as a sign that the system was no longer working, and turned to the loudest, most radical voices as a result. The near assassination of Richard Nixon by the American Indian Movement's Leonard Peltier, the Black Liberation Army's attempt to kidnap Pamela Agnew, and the continued violence in Northern Ireland were the latest manifestations of this. But the most notable act of terrorism to transpire in February was the failed kidnapping of Patsy Hearst; the famed socialite and heiress was accidentally shot and killed during a botched kidnapping attempt by members of a previously unknown militant group calling itself the Symbionese Liberation Army. While several suspects were ultimately arrested, tried, and convicted for their role in the failed abduction and murder, the activities of the SLA and other clandestine leftist guerilla cells in the United States continued despite unprecedented domestic surveillance by the FBI and other law enforcement agencies. One disgruntled young Air Force private by the name of Robert Preston made a splash of his own when he stole a helicopter from the air force base in which he was stationed and flew it towards Washington, where he buzzed the White House and forced the President and his family to flee to the safety of a secure bunker. Preston eventually landed his helicopter near the National Mall and was taken into custody for the stunt.
Iraqi Vice President Saddam Hussein.
In the Middle East, a new conflict is brewing. Having occupied large portions of Syria, Iraq's Baathist regime sees more opportunity to expand their borders. Under the command of Vice President Saddam Hussein, the Iraqi army masses near the Iranian border with an ultimatum to the Shah: come to the table and negotiate over the disputed Khuzestan province, which had a substantial Arab population which desired union Iraq, or face a military invasion. Despite the Iraqi army being stretched from the outskirts of Damascus all the way to the Iranian border regions, Saddam was confident that he could quickly seize the disputed province and collapse the regime of the Shah, thus removing the country's most significant regional rival from scene. When American intelligence became aware of Iraqi troop movements, the State Department attempted to inform the Shah, but he dismissed the warnings as Iraqi blustering and did not order any precautions to be made. The next day, a column of Iraqi tanks smashed through the minimal defenses along the border as the First Iran-Iraq War began.
The newest conflict in the Middle East could not come at a worse time for British Prime Minister Edward Heath, whose Conservative Party government trailed the Labour Party in the polls as the general election loomed. Concerns that the war could spark yet another oil shortage, or worse, involve the United Kingdom participating in yet another NATO led intervention were a boon for Harold Wilson, the former Labour Prime Minister itching to return to Downing Street. But Heath countered, highlighting his record of economic recovery and his strong response to the increasingly powerful trade union's attempt to cripple the national economy through strikes. In the end, despite the unpopularity of the international mission in Syria, the British voters narrowly returned Heath's government on a reduced majority of 330 seats. Wilson was forced to resign as leader of the Labour Party in the aftermath of their defeat, and the Gavin administration breathed a sigh of relief as the friendly, centrist government of Edward Heath survived to see another day.
The "Ten Year Duel" between Heath and Wilson ended after the 1974 General Election.