No, racism is not needed. The most usedexample is that negroid Africans score lower on IQ-tests, which could or could not be genetic. The only thing that has been proven is that at least part of the "gap" between whites and blacks has to do with enviroment and cultural attitudes*. How much no one knows, though theories exist to estimate this.
If you wanted to create a eugenic policy without racism, all you'd need to do would be to base it on some kind of tests (IQ/g) or perhaps grades or somesuch.
Some groups would be disadvantaged, but it would not be due to bias but due to their performance. As an example, if intelligence was tested, Jews as a group would outperform most others, followed by asians and so on, leading to an advantage. If instead/also negative eugenics were employed, negroids, gypsies and latin americans as groups would be the ones at a disadvantage.
Without a racial dimension to it, the difference would be that an intelligent black person / gypsy / latino would be considered "A group" while a stupid white / jew / asian would end up in "C" group, if we consider an eugenic policy based on intelligence where A group are thrown money to have more children while C- group are sterilized/taxed or whatever while the B group in between is neutral.
This is why textbook "aryan patriot white pride" people refuse to consider anything but old fashion skull measuring. They'd all end up in C-class along with gangbangers and the rest of the rabble.
*Main indication is said to be that their curve is "flattened" compared to the bell curve of the whites/asians. It seems like it is simply quite hard to reach a certain level of stupidity. This means that if rougly 1/7 of the white pop. has an IQ of under 85, (15 points or one standard-deviation lower than usual), one would expect that out of a black population with an average IQ of 87, rougly the same proportion would have an IQ of under 72. (87-15). This is not the case, the proportion is lower which is said to indicate that the difference is not purely genetic but more based on other factors. Math and particulary statistics are not my strongest sides however, so I cannot verify this.