Empire of Freedom: The History of the American Empire

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XLVI: THE COLLAPSE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
THE COLLAPSE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

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The coup by Iskander Pasha was the deathblow of the Ottoman Sultanate that has existed for centuries. The Bey of Tripoli was the first to declare independence while the Egyptians took Benghazi and the Barbary Coast Beys simply ended their vassalage, even if they were already independent de facto. The remnants of the Ottoman Loyalists in Edirne could do nothing to stop, while Iskander merely gave them a “Good Riddance” and the Egyptians didn’t want to fight in two fronts. The Provinces of Iraq were isolated, and used the death of the Sultan to declare their own independence as the Sultanate of Iraq. Of course the Quajars in the East looked with hungry eyes at the opportunity to claim their old lands in the West. In the North, the Russians helped to stoke the fire of the Orthodox and Slavic nationalists to start rebellions against the Ottomans while sending the army to the border. Seeing that, Napoleon II sent the army straight south to the Bosnian border, not willingly to let the Russians just take the Balkans and expose the Mediterranean and Illyria to them. Europe seemed to be on the brink of restarting the GEW just a couple years after it ended.

Iskander had the advantage: His territory was much more united than the Ottomans and his armies weren’t overextended as the Egyptians. Besides, he had the only body of professional military forces left in the Ottoman army, and he would mobilize the strength of Turkey to beat the decadent sultanate and the Egyptian upstarts. The result was the Battle of Konya, where Ibrahim Pasha’s army was suddenly attacked by the Turks, with Iskander using the terrain of central Anatolia to his advantage, he managed to beat back Ibrahim and forcing him to retreat to Cilicia. With the immediate Egyptian threat halted, Iskander introduced conscription into the Nizam-I Cedid Army, requiring governors to meet a quota of troops to be mobilized. He then received the News that Constantinople was being sieged by Ottoman Loyalists, he left the southern army under General Omar Pasha and came back north, beating back the Ottomans and capturing Edirne, the Sultan ran to Thessaloniki, and the Balkans exploded.

Using Russian weapons, Serbians, Romanians, and Bulgarians staged riots from Varna to Belgrade. With the Prince of Wallachia, Mihail, declaring Independence and attacking the port of Constanta. And as the Ottoman armies and all sense of order in the Balkans started to collapse, both Nicholas I and Napoleon II acted: French troops landed in Athens and Attica, while Mercer’s troops crossed into Bosnia and Montenegro from the Illyrian provinces. Meanwhile, Russian troops crossed the Danube, putting the Principality of Wallachia under their protection, and beating back scattered Ottoman armies while the Greeks rebelled in support of the French in Larissa, Crete, and Macedonia.

In the East, the Shah of Persia Mohammad Qajar, started an invasion of Iraq, with the Sultan scrambling to rally enough forces to defend his domain, only to be defeated in the Battle of Kut and seeing the fall of Baghdad. Turkish troops would occupy the Province of Mosul, the Persians didn’t respond and instead would concentrate in integrating these new lands. Omar’s forces marched south, pushing Ibrahim to the Gates of Jerusalem itself, Muhammad Ali believed nothing could stop the Turks from pushing all the way to Cairo, and then he suddenly received a peace offer: Syria and Lebanon would remain in Turkish hands, but Egypt would receive Transjordan and Hedjaz, becoming an independent nation. Ali was shocked with the offer, but Iskander did not desire to rule over millions of angry Arabs, desiring Syria to appease expansionists in the government. Muhammad Ali didn’t hesitate to accept the peace treaty on the 10th of August of 1840, date celebrated as the Independence Day in Egypt.

In the Balkans, any sense of order collapsed, Russian and French troops would advance against the Ottoman remnants, with the Sultan going into exile in Stockholm, and Thessaloniki taken by Franco-Greek troops. French and Russian forces would meet up in Skopje, tensions reaching new highs as the world held it’s breath while Russian, French, and Turkish ambassadors met in Istanbul (renamed into a more turk name by Iskander) to draw up the borders: The Turks controlled Karbala, Edirne, and Burgas. Bulgaria was given Eastern Macedonia, North Macedonia was taken by Serbia, West Macedonia to Albania, and the South to Greece. Greece, Montenegro, Albania and Bosnia became part of the French sphere, while Serbia, Bulgaria, and the newly unified Principality of Romania were to be part of the Russian sphere. There were still several border issues not solved, but Iskander gained the assurance from both sides that the local Turks would be respected and given rights equal to the local population in return of giving up the claims of the Balkans. The peace would be restored... for now.
 
Technically, their current form is a lot more survivable than the previous one. And who doesn’t like a Plot Twist ?
Yeah they lost the Balkans (good idea), severed any connection to the North African Beys (who needs em), lost Jerusalem and Mecca to Egypt (sucks), but kept Syria and Lebanon. This was a rapid contraction of Ottoman/Turkish influence, but long term might be far more manageable.
 
Who are the leaders of these new Balkan nations. Are local leaders being elected like in otl Serbia, or foreign more prestigious princes like otl Bulgaria and Greece.
 
INTERLUDE II: DARWIN AND THE RACIAL STATE
DARWINISM AND THE RACIAL STATE

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Few men in human history can have their influence overrated for history, and the Briton Naturalist Charles Darwin is one of them. His impact in how we see nature and it’s species would be one before him and a completely different one after him. Born in 1809 in a war-torn England, he would live a traumatic childhood, with his house on Shrewsbury being destroyed by French troops. At the age of 10, Lord Protector Wellesley would expel the French from England, allowing him to start his studies in Cambridge years later. In 1835, he would be conscripted into the Great European War, taking part of the campaign in Ireland and being part of the genocide of the Island. In 1839, after returning, he would enter in contacts with the navy, wishing to make an expedition around the world in order to prove wrong Lamarckism, a Theory that claimed the evolution of species came from the use of its members (Giraffes would grow their necks longer to reach for food in bigger trees). The expedition would take 5 years, with Darwin visiting places around the world like Australia, the Galapagos, Brazil, and South Africa, and from his observations he would publish a theory in 1846 in the book “The Evolution of Species”.

The book would be polemical at the time of the publication, and would take time until it was accepted by most intellectuals. It claimed that all species descended from a common ancestor, and a process of “natural selection” would determine the course of the evolution. He claimed that only the strongest and most adaptable species survived to this day, while the ones that didn’t were destroyed by competition. Darwin’s ideas were met with censorship at first by the commonwealth’s press, calling it “subversive to Anglican values”, and he decided to appeal his case to the Lord Protector himself, meeting with Cochrane, they would debate for hours until he asked “And does your theory includes humans ?” And the answer was yes.

Darwin would make an addition to the book, another Volume called “The Evolution in Human Races”. He claimed the same process happened to humans, and when two different races of humankind entered in conflict, it was determined that the strongest amongst them would emerge triumphant and exterminate the loser. And adding to human sentiency, humans would be drawn to unite their races into tribes for mutual protection, and these tribes would grow into what he called “Racial State”. It would be inevitable that they would eventually enter in confrontation, and the winner of it would be member of a superior race, he argued that this process would eventually result into a “Racial War” between the dominant tribes, and from the ashes of the war, would emerge the pinnacle of human evolution. This addition wasn’t made because of Cochrane, Darwin spent most of his life being brainwashed by the Commonwealth’s propaganda of the superiority of the Anglo-Saxon race, and he used the war in Ireland as an example: The Irish were an inferior race, and logically they were defeated by the superior British and would be exterminated from existence.

This new volume would gain the Lord Protector’s approval, he would change the doctrine of the Anglican Church to adapt to it: God created these species and guided the evolution, and from amongst them, he choose a select Human group (The ancestors of the Anglo-Saxons) to dominate above all others. Which would result into a final confrontation against the other races, and would end with the hegemony of Britannia, the earth would be populated by a supreme race and it’s victory would be achieved by ensuring the Anglo-Saxon remained pure, without contamination of other races and without vices and degeneracy. By keeping the “Racial sanitation”, the Anglo-Saxons would keep themselves untouched by inferiors, allowing them to achieve a final victory against the other races.

Darwin would spend the rest of his life teaching of his theory, and it started to spread around the world, with “Darwinists” of each nation arguing that they were a superior race, and had to unite against the others. That would be one of the main causes of the bloodshed that would engulf countries around the world in the future.
 
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