- The Visigoths tended towards disunity, so let's say they manage to keep a semblance of a united kingdom until the Franks invade/a bad king takes the helm/the Romano-Berbers or Vikings or Magyars invade/whatever, after which Iberia falls apart in small states and statelets akin to Italy (or the taifas for that matter). The states gradually start coalescing, especially around the larger rivers. I'd expect a maritime republic centred around Lisbon, trading with Britain, the Netherlands and perhaps Northwest Africa, one or two major ones on the Spanish Mediterranean coast (say Barcelona and Valencia) and an Andalusian state at least. While there is always a possibility someone will mimic what House Capet did (a 100-years War analogue with Romance Morocco in the role of England, Andalusia in the role of Normandy, Galicia in the role of Gascony, Aragon in the role of Burgundy and Toledo claiming leadership over the entirety of Spain does sound awesome), it seems more likely that for a long time Spain will remain merely a geographical expression, until and unless nationalism makes an appearance and someone goes on to unite Iberia.
- Without a strong opponent to the south, the Franks might make more of an effort to conquer (more of) Spain. At some point, they'll be unable to hold onto their transpyrenean territory. The changes in Francia itself compared to OTL shouldn't be major.
- The Byzantines should be a lot stronger if they don't lose Egypt and the Levant, but there were religious issues simmering and the eternal rivalry with the Persians would persist. OTOH, the Lombards really weren't all that impressive to me. I'd say the Lombards and Byzantines keep fighting with inconclusive results, until the Slavs decide that with Byzantium being relatively stronger, Northern Italy makes for a more tempting target. The Slavs being the Borg of this era as far as assimilation goes, Veneto might go Slavic in this timeline. Perhaps all of transpadan Italy save for Piedmont if the Lombards are really weak and a lot of Slavs decide to head there instead of the Balkans. So let's say Lombardy, Liguria, Emilia-Romagna and Veneto get a Slavic majority, either ruling themselves or under the rule of a coastal Romance elite as happened in OTL Dalmatia, while south of the Po Byzantium holds Sicily and Southern Italy and the Lombards hold some territory too. We could very well end up with an Italy where the concept of the Italian never comes to be.
- Continuing on from the previous point, fewer Slavs move to the Balkans, more of the people who do move there get assimilated at some point, Byzantium does better overall. No Slavic majority in Macedonia and Bulgaria, a far smaller Slavic influence in Bosnia and Serbia. Avars and other Turkic speakers don't seem numerous enough to dispace Greek as the lingua frnaca, these areas either go Slavic or remain Greek. The Magyars probably follow a similar path as OTL, the Turks could end up in Anatolia, Pannonia, or even the Balkans by way of the lower Danube; they assimilate most likely.
- Germany sees little difference. Their Slavs are staying put and Francia will continue to push eastward, albeit slower and less thoroughly. The stem duchies might coalesce in the absence of a Frankish hegemony, leading to a situation not unlike the one in England around this time. The vikings will focus a bit less on the Black Sea and a bit more on the Mediterranean, which is still a cultural whole ITTL. More Mediterranean adventures like the one in Sicily perhaps. Greater settlement on the northern shores of Germany, as happened in England. Viking Hamburg becomes rich.
- The British isles could go either way really, enough Nordic people may move to this version to Germany that the Danish yoke is lighter or more people, including native inhabitants from Saxony (how's that for irony) decide to settle there due to increased North Sea trade. Don't see any other group from mainland Europe take Britain the way the Normans did, though never say never. Some sort of England based around London will probably come into existence at some point, possibly with a rival English state to the north.
- Antisemitism continues to exist, with the cycle of tolerant rulers offering refuge and intolerant ones expelling the Jewish people persisting. Someone might pull a Khazaria, who knows.
- I'd find it hilarious if the five cities of the Pentarchy have several different iterations of Christianity as their favoured religion. Let's say Catholic Rome, Orthodox Constantinople, Coptic Alexandria, Nestorian Jerusalem and Armenian Antioch. Only for the Pope to go in a snit and decide to form a better Pentarchy, say one consisting of Rome, Carthage, Santiago de Compostela, Lyon and some city in Germany most likely. Without the pressure from Islam, we could very well see more heretical movement in Christendom, especially in those areas far from the Mediterranean which is still the beating heart of civilisation for Europe and the parts of Africa and Asia which used to be part of the Roman sphere.
