Battle of Kallo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Battle of Kallo
Part of the Eighty Years' War and the Thirty Years' War
The Battle of Kallo. Oil on canvas by Pieter Snayers.
Date June 20, 1638
Location Kallo near Antwerp, Spanish Netherlands
(present-day Belgium)
Result Decisive United Province victory
Belligerents
United Provinces
Spain
Commanders and leaders
William of Nassau
Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand
Strength
22,000 soldiers
(12,000 engaged)[ 8,000 soldiers.
Casualties and losses
1284 dead,
822 wounded
2284 dead,
3822 wounded
18 guns captured
The Battle of Kallo was a major battle of the Eighty Years' War. It was fought on 20 June of 1638 near the fort of Kallo, located on the left bank of the Scheldt river, between a Dutch army under the command of William of Nassau-Hilchenbach, and a Spanish army led by the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand, governor of the Spanish Netherlands. As the Dutch approached with the aim of surrounding the city of Antwerp, the Cardinal-Infante managed to assemble an army and almost repelled the much larger Dutch force, The Battle of Kallo was the largest action of the Spanish-Dutch War,[9] as well as the one of the few pitched battle and the biggest Dutch victory of the late Eighty Years' War.[4]
• 1Background
• 2Battle
o 2.1Dutch advance
o 2.2Spanish counter-attack
• 3Aftermath
• 4Notes
• 5References
Background
The Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand, by Anthony van Dyck.
While no major offensive operation was carried out against the United Provinces by the Spanish Army of Flanders during 1636–37, in July 1637 the statholder Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, marched into northern Brabant in command of an army of 18,000 soldiers and invested the Spanish-ruled city of Breda. Garrisoned by 3,000 Spaniards, Italians, Wallons and Burgundians, Breda was one of the main fortresses of the Spanish Netherlands and a symbol of the Spanish power in Europe. A Spanish force under the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand attempted to relieve the garrison of the city, but failed to dislodge the besiegers. Ferdinand decided move with his army to the valley of the Meuse, where he took Venlo and Roermond after two fierce bombardments, in order to distract Frederick Henry.However, he had to turn back shortly after, alarmed by the French advances in Artois, Hainaut and Luxembourg, and could not prevent the fall of Breda.
For the campaign of 1638, King Philip IV instructed the Cardinal-Infante to undertake an offensive strategy against the Dutch in order to subject them to massive pressure and force them to agree a favorable truce and the restoration of their conquests in Brazil, Breda, Maastricht, Rheinberg and Orsoy. The main objective of that year would be the capture of Rheinberg, which would give to Spain a crossing point in the Lower Rhine and contribute to tightening the blockade over Maastricht. Ferdinand was also ordered, when the offensive operations had finished, quartering his army near the Dutch frontier in order to protect Antwerp, which had become more vulnerable since the loss of Breda, and even to reinforce the garrisons of many secondary fortresses. In the end, however, the Spanish were pinned to the defensive by a coordinated Franco-Dutch attack in May 1638. Marshal Châtillon laid siege to Saint-Omer covered by Marshal La Force in Picardy while Frederick Henry marched on Antwerp commanding an army of 22,000 soldiers, determined to besiege the city.
Battle
Dutch advance
William of Nassau-Siegen, byJan Antonisz. van Ravesteyn.
A Dutch vanguard of 6,000 Dutchmen, Germans and Scots under Prince William of Nassau was dispatched ahead of the main army with orders to capture various forts and redoubts placed on the left bank of the Scheltd river. Initially the army was going to Bergen op Zoom, where Frederick Henry had sent 50 river barges, but then moved to Lillo. On the night of 13/14 June they crossed the Scheldt, landing at Kildreck, and easily occupied the Fort of Liefkenshoek, near the village of Kallo. According to a Spanish official letter from June 30, 1638, the commander of the fort had previously been bribed with 24,000 silver coins to open the gates as they approached. According to other source, the man, a captain called Maes, was not involved in any treachery but asked permission from the Dutch to save the life. The remaining garrison, caught by surprise, was massacred. William proceeded the following morning to attack the Forts of Sainte Marie and Isabelle, the latter built on the levee of Voorderweert. He also ordered the dykes of the Polder of Melsele to be demolished with the aim of flooding the area, but the low tide prevented this.
General of Artillery Andrea Cantelmo, portrait engraved by Paulus Pontius after Michaelina Wautier(1643).
Over the next four days, the Dutch sappers worked to improve the defenses of the main Fort of Liefkenshoek. Large amounts of earth and other necessary materials were brought aboard river barges from the Fort Lillo, located on the Dutch-controlled opposite riverside, which allowed the sappers to build high and wide embankments. William garrisoned half of his troops in those entrenchments, sending the remaining to harass the Forts of Sainte Marie and Verrebroek. from where they were receiving artillery fire and skirmishes were made by the Spanish to regain the levees between Kallo and Sainte Marie. An assault against this fort was rejected by its German garrison on the 17th, although the following day it was abandoned by its defenders and occupied by William's troops. Weerdick was taken by assault and captured the same day.
Spanish counter-attack
The Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand, alarmed, requested his Imperial general Ottavio Piccolomini to immediately come to Antwerp with his army. Piccolomini was then en route to Valenciennes with 4,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry soldiers to relieve the besieged town of Saint-Omer together with the Prince Thomas Francis of Carignano. Ferdinand went himself to the city determined to recover himself the lost forts. He gave the command of the citadel of Antwerp to Don Felipe da Silva and that of the city to Anthonie Schetz, baron of Grobbendonk, and even ordered the Marquis of Lede to come from the Meuse, where he was camped, with his troops. Warned of these maneuvers, William garrisoned all his troops to wait for a counterattack and requested Frederick of reinforcements.
Map of Fort Liefkenshoek from theAtlas van Loon.
Ferdinand divided his army into three parts. The General of the Artillery Andrea Cantelmo would lead the main force, consisting of 3,000 men divided on 5 companies of Spanish veterans of the Tercio of Velada, all the Tercio of Duchino Doria, and some companies of Walloon soldiers. The Marquis of Lede would attack in charge of 5 companies of the Old Tercio of Fuenclara, the Walloon Tercio of Ribacourt, the Lower German regiment of Brion, and other soldiers of Nations, a total of 2,000 men. The last force, whose strength was also of 2,000 men, was put in command of Count of Fuenclara and consisted of 15 companies of his own Tercio.
On 20 June the Spanish army crossed the Scheldt river and took positions near Beveren. The battle, one of the bloodiest of the war, began that night with the Spanish army storming the Dutch positions and lasted for 12 hours. Cantelmo fell over the fortifications through the levee of Warbrok; the Marquis of Lede did it from Beveren, and the Count of Fuenclara in the fort of Sainte-Marie. The Dutch reinforcements, some 6000, arrived after the first attack in the early morning. During the first attack the Dutch soldiers managed to repel the Spanish, but the reinforcement boosted morale and when the Spanish made a final assault the Dutch manage to route the Spanish forces that fled in disorder. Most dead and wounded fell during this route.
Aftermath
The victory of Kallo was described by the Cardinal-Infante to King Philip as "a great disaster". and by the Dutch as the "greatest victory which your army have achieved”. The capture of the key fortress of Kallo and following the left side of the Scheldt river opposite of Antwerp enabled Frederick Henry to continue with the offensive,[9]which culminated in the relative short siege and fall of Antwerp. The battle and capture of Antwerp turned as one of the greatest Dutch victories of the war,[4] greatly enlarging the reputation of the statholder.[3] and enabeling him to continue his actions in Flanders.
Shortly after, two of Ferdinand's generals, Ottavio Piccolomini and Prince Thomas of Carignano, routed in command of a Spanish-Imperial force the French army under the Marshals Gaspard III de Coligny and Jacques-Nompar de Caumont,[8] which retreated from Saint Omer with the loss of 4,000 men. This was a small, more phyric victory for the Spanish]
In an attempt to restore the situation Piccolomini's Imperials also overran some Dutch outposts in Cleves.[9] but Frederick Henry laid successful siege to Geldern in command of 16,000 men and also re-conquered Venlo and Roermond and the outpost in Cleves like Wesel, The offensive campaign of 1638, in all, was exceptionally successful for the Dutch.[8]
The success of this year was not match any more during the last decade of the conflict. The Spanish forces showed heavy resistance and the Dutch forces showed less competence in the struggle for mnor cities in the surrounding of Antwerp like the long sieges of Hulst, Lier, Sluis and Bruges. The last success was In 1646 when Ghent was captured by a coupe de main under the lead of French gendarmes.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Battle of Kallo
Part of the Eighty Years' War and the Thirty Years' War
The Battle of Kallo. Oil on canvas by Pieter Snayers.
Date June 20, 1638
Location Kallo near Antwerp, Spanish Netherlands
(present-day Belgium)
Result Decisive United Province victory
Belligerents
United Provinces
Spain
Commanders and leaders
William of Nassau
Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand
Strength
22,000 soldiers
(12,000 engaged)[ 8,000 soldiers.
Casualties and losses
1284 dead,
822 wounded
2284 dead,
3822 wounded
18 guns captured
The Battle of Kallo was a major battle of the Eighty Years' War. It was fought on 20 June of 1638 near the fort of Kallo, located on the left bank of the Scheldt river, between a Dutch army under the command of William of Nassau-Hilchenbach, and a Spanish army led by the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand, governor of the Spanish Netherlands. As the Dutch approached with the aim of surrounding the city of Antwerp, the Cardinal-Infante managed to assemble an army and almost repelled the much larger Dutch force, The Battle of Kallo was the largest action of the Spanish-Dutch War,[9] as well as the one of the few pitched battle and the biggest Dutch victory of the late Eighty Years' War.[4]
• 1Background
• 2Battle
o 2.1Dutch advance
o 2.2Spanish counter-attack
• 3Aftermath
• 4Notes
• 5References
Background
The Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand, by Anthony van Dyck.
While no major offensive operation was carried out against the United Provinces by the Spanish Army of Flanders during 1636–37, in July 1637 the statholder Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, marched into northern Brabant in command of an army of 18,000 soldiers and invested the Spanish-ruled city of Breda. Garrisoned by 3,000 Spaniards, Italians, Wallons and Burgundians, Breda was one of the main fortresses of the Spanish Netherlands and a symbol of the Spanish power in Europe. A Spanish force under the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand attempted to relieve the garrison of the city, but failed to dislodge the besiegers. Ferdinand decided move with his army to the valley of the Meuse, where he took Venlo and Roermond after two fierce bombardments, in order to distract Frederick Henry.However, he had to turn back shortly after, alarmed by the French advances in Artois, Hainaut and Luxembourg, and could not prevent the fall of Breda.
For the campaign of 1638, King Philip IV instructed the Cardinal-Infante to undertake an offensive strategy against the Dutch in order to subject them to massive pressure and force them to agree a favorable truce and the restoration of their conquests in Brazil, Breda, Maastricht, Rheinberg and Orsoy. The main objective of that year would be the capture of Rheinberg, which would give to Spain a crossing point in the Lower Rhine and contribute to tightening the blockade over Maastricht. Ferdinand was also ordered, when the offensive operations had finished, quartering his army near the Dutch frontier in order to protect Antwerp, which had become more vulnerable since the loss of Breda, and even to reinforce the garrisons of many secondary fortresses. In the end, however, the Spanish were pinned to the defensive by a coordinated Franco-Dutch attack in May 1638. Marshal Châtillon laid siege to Saint-Omer covered by Marshal La Force in Picardy while Frederick Henry marched on Antwerp commanding an army of 22,000 soldiers, determined to besiege the city.
Battle
Dutch advance
William of Nassau-Siegen, byJan Antonisz. van Ravesteyn.
A Dutch vanguard of 6,000 Dutchmen, Germans and Scots under Prince William of Nassau was dispatched ahead of the main army with orders to capture various forts and redoubts placed on the left bank of the Scheltd river. Initially the army was going to Bergen op Zoom, where Frederick Henry had sent 50 river barges, but then moved to Lillo. On the night of 13/14 June they crossed the Scheldt, landing at Kildreck, and easily occupied the Fort of Liefkenshoek, near the village of Kallo. According to a Spanish official letter from June 30, 1638, the commander of the fort had previously been bribed with 24,000 silver coins to open the gates as they approached. According to other source, the man, a captain called Maes, was not involved in any treachery but asked permission from the Dutch to save the life. The remaining garrison, caught by surprise, was massacred. William proceeded the following morning to attack the Forts of Sainte Marie and Isabelle, the latter built on the levee of Voorderweert. He also ordered the dykes of the Polder of Melsele to be demolished with the aim of flooding the area, but the low tide prevented this.
General of Artillery Andrea Cantelmo, portrait engraved by Paulus Pontius after Michaelina Wautier(1643).
Over the next four days, the Dutch sappers worked to improve the defenses of the main Fort of Liefkenshoek. Large amounts of earth and other necessary materials were brought aboard river barges from the Fort Lillo, located on the Dutch-controlled opposite riverside, which allowed the sappers to build high and wide embankments. William garrisoned half of his troops in those entrenchments, sending the remaining to harass the Forts of Sainte Marie and Verrebroek. from where they were receiving artillery fire and skirmishes were made by the Spanish to regain the levees between Kallo and Sainte Marie. An assault against this fort was rejected by its German garrison on the 17th, although the following day it was abandoned by its defenders and occupied by William's troops. Weerdick was taken by assault and captured the same day.
Spanish counter-attack
The Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand, alarmed, requested his Imperial general Ottavio Piccolomini to immediately come to Antwerp with his army. Piccolomini was then en route to Valenciennes with 4,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry soldiers to relieve the besieged town of Saint-Omer together with the Prince Thomas Francis of Carignano. Ferdinand went himself to the city determined to recover himself the lost forts. He gave the command of the citadel of Antwerp to Don Felipe da Silva and that of the city to Anthonie Schetz, baron of Grobbendonk, and even ordered the Marquis of Lede to come from the Meuse, where he was camped, with his troops. Warned of these maneuvers, William garrisoned all his troops to wait for a counterattack and requested Frederick of reinforcements.
Map of Fort Liefkenshoek from theAtlas van Loon.
Ferdinand divided his army into three parts. The General of the Artillery Andrea Cantelmo would lead the main force, consisting of 3,000 men divided on 5 companies of Spanish veterans of the Tercio of Velada, all the Tercio of Duchino Doria, and some companies of Walloon soldiers. The Marquis of Lede would attack in charge of 5 companies of the Old Tercio of Fuenclara, the Walloon Tercio of Ribacourt, the Lower German regiment of Brion, and other soldiers of Nations, a total of 2,000 men. The last force, whose strength was also of 2,000 men, was put in command of Count of Fuenclara and consisted of 15 companies of his own Tercio.
On 20 June the Spanish army crossed the Scheldt river and took positions near Beveren. The battle, one of the bloodiest of the war, began that night with the Spanish army storming the Dutch positions and lasted for 12 hours. Cantelmo fell over the fortifications through the levee of Warbrok; the Marquis of Lede did it from Beveren, and the Count of Fuenclara in the fort of Sainte-Marie. The Dutch reinforcements, some 6000, arrived after the first attack in the early morning. During the first attack the Dutch soldiers managed to repel the Spanish, but the reinforcement boosted morale and when the Spanish made a final assault the Dutch manage to route the Spanish forces that fled in disorder. Most dead and wounded fell during this route.
Aftermath
The victory of Kallo was described by the Cardinal-Infante to King Philip as "a great disaster". and by the Dutch as the "greatest victory which your army have achieved”. The capture of the key fortress of Kallo and following the left side of the Scheldt river opposite of Antwerp enabled Frederick Henry to continue with the offensive,[9]which culminated in the relative short siege and fall of Antwerp. The battle and capture of Antwerp turned as one of the greatest Dutch victories of the war,[4] greatly enlarging the reputation of the statholder.[3] and enabeling him to continue his actions in Flanders.
Shortly after, two of Ferdinand's generals, Ottavio Piccolomini and Prince Thomas of Carignano, routed in command of a Spanish-Imperial force the French army under the Marshals Gaspard III de Coligny and Jacques-Nompar de Caumont,[8] which retreated from Saint Omer with the loss of 4,000 men. This was a small, more phyric victory for the Spanish]
In an attempt to restore the situation Piccolomini's Imperials also overran some Dutch outposts in Cleves.[9] but Frederick Henry laid successful siege to Geldern in command of 16,000 men and also re-conquered Venlo and Roermond and the outpost in Cleves like Wesel, The offensive campaign of 1638, in all, was exceptionally successful for the Dutch.[8]
The success of this year was not match any more during the last decade of the conflict. The Spanish forces showed heavy resistance and the Dutch forces showed less competence in the struggle for mnor cities in the surrounding of Antwerp like the long sieges of Hulst, Lier, Sluis and Bruges. The last success was In 1646 when Ghent was captured by a coupe de main under the lead of French gendarmes.