Dies Irae: List of Religious Leaders Mk III

Caliphs of the Ummah
619-632: Muhammad (Arabia - Early Islam) [1]
632-633: Abu Bakr (Arabia -Early Islam)[2]


[1] Unlike OTL, Muhammad lived three years longer after giving his farewell sermon, surviving the illness that took him in 632. Because of this, he had some effect on the election of the next Caliph.
[2] Abu Bakr was well-aware that Ali Abu Talib al-Hashim would succeed Muhammad as Caliph the moment he died, but he was alleged that either he or his supporters had forged the first Caliph's last will, which allowed Abu Bakr to succeed Muhammad as the leader of the Muslims. Nonetheless, he continued Muhammad's policy of giving support to Muslim city-statelets in the territories that surrounded Arabia (Red Sea coast of Egypt, the statelets in southern Syria and southernmost Mesopotomia). His reign only lasted for a year because he was poisoned by a follower of Ali disguised as a servant.
 
Caliphs of the Ummah
619-632: Muhammad (Arabia - Early Islam) [1]
632-633: Abu Bakr (Arabia -Early Islam)[2]
633-657: Ali (Arabia -Early Islam) [3]

[1] Unlike OTL, Muhammad lived three years longer after giving his farewell sermon, surviving the illness that took him in 632. Because of this, he had some effect on the election of the next two Caliphs.
[2] Abu Bakr was well-aware that Ali Abu Talib al-Hashim would succeed Muhammad as Caliph the moment he died, but he was alleged that either he or his supporters had forged the first Caliph's last will, which allowed Abu Bakr to succeed Muhammad as the leader of the Muslims. Nonetheless, he continued Muhammad's policy of giving support to Muslim city-statelets in the territories that surrounded Arabia (Red Sea coast of Egypt, the statelets in southern Syria and southernmost Mesopotomia). His reign only lasted for a year because he was poisoned by a follower of Ali disguised as a servant.
[3] As Muhammad was still alive at this time, his influence caused the main leaders of the Aswar and Muhajrs to pick his nephew Ali with little issue (he preferred Ali, but he did not speak out against the selection of Abu Bakr). Ali was a worldly and deeply pious man, who treated the role of Caliph as the adviser to the Ummah, the community, as well as its judge. He picked people to guide the Ummah by merit, which is why in spite of their history of conflict, Umar was amongst his key policymen. He is known for his charity and focus on communal works, as well as infrastructure building with significant efforts being made for clean water for communities. Ali would die of an illness, leaving the election fairly open.
 
Been a full day, so:

Caliphs of the Ummah
619-632: Muhammad (Arabia - Early Islam) [1]
632-633: Abu Bakr (Arabia -Early Islam)[2]
633-657: Ali (Arabia -Early Islam) [3]
657-663: Malik (Arabia -Early Islam) [4]

[1] Unlike OTL, Muhammad lived three years longer after giving his farewell sermon, surviving the illness that took him in 632. Because of this, he had some effect on the election of the next two Caliphs.
[2] Abu Bakr was well-aware that Ali Abu Talib al-Hashim would succeed Muhammad as Caliph the moment he died, but he was alleged that either he or his supporters had forged the first Caliph's last will, which allowed Abu Bakr to succeed Muhammad as the leader of the Muslims. Nonetheless, he continued Muhammad's policy of giving support to Muslim city-statelets in the territories that surrounded Arabia (Red Sea coast of Egypt, the statelets in southern Syria and southernmost Mesopotomia). His reign only lasted for a year because he was poisoned by a follower of Ali disguised as a servant.
[3] As Muhammad was still alive at this time, his influence caused the main leaders of the Aswar and Muhajrs to pick his nephew Ali with little issue (he preferred Ali, but he did not speak out against the selection of Abu Bakr). Ali was a worldly and deeply pious man, who treated the role of Caliph as the adviser to the Ummah, the community, as well as its judge. He picked people to guide the Ummah by merit, which is why in spite of their history of conflict, Umar was amongst his key policymen. He is known for his charity and focus on communal works, as well as infrastructure building with significant efforts being made for clean water for communities. Ali would die of an illness, leaving the election fairly open.
[4] The main contenders that the Answar and Muhajirs had to pick from included Muawiyah ibn Abi-Sufyan, Ali's own son Hasan, and Malik al-Ashtar. The debate was contentious; while many were fine with Hasan and thought he had the right since he was a member of the House and had the qualities needed, many in the muhajir, and the growing but small wing of Shurah, did not wish this. They were concerned that while the House (Muhammad's family) did well at guiding the community, that all Muslims should be capable of being Caliph, should they express the decision. This wing backed Muawiyah, the venerable Umayyad governor of Uruk. Ultimately the split lead to a compromise that neither liked that much in the form of Malik al-Ashtar. The Muhajirs and Shurah didn't like him for being too close to Ali. The Answar and Muhajirs that supported Hasan were not pleased that Hasan wasn't picked either though. Despite his age at ascension, he was assassinated by a member of the Haruri, the most militant group within the Shurah community.
 
Been a full day, so:

Caliphs of the Ummah
619-632: Muhammad (Arabia - Early Islam) [1]
632-633: Abu Bakr (Arabia -Early Islam)[2]
633-657: Ali (Arabia -Early Islam) [3]
657-663: Malik (Arabia -Early Islam) [4]
663-676: Yunus (Arabia -Early Islam) [5]

[1] Unlike OTL, Muhammad lived three years longer after giving his farewell sermon, surviving the illness that took him in 632. Because of this, he had some effect on the election of the next two Caliphs.
[2] Abu Bakr was well-aware that Ali Abu Talib al-Hashim would succeed Muhammad as Caliph the moment he died, but he was alleged that either he or his supporters had forged the first Caliph's last will, which allowed Abu Bakr to succeed Muhammad as the leader of the Muslims. Nonetheless, he continued Muhammad's policy of giving support to Muslim city-statelets in the territories that surrounded Arabia (Red Sea coast of Egypt, the statelets in southern Syria and southernmost Mesopotomia). His reign only lasted for a year because he was poisoned by a follower of Ali disguised as a servant.
[3] As Muhammad was still alive at this time, his influence caused the main leaders of the Aswar and Muhajrs to pick his nephew Ali with little issue (he preferred Ali, but he did not speak out against the selection of Abu Bakr). Ali was a worldly and deeply pious man, who treated the role of Caliph as the adviser to the Ummah, the community, as well as its judge. He picked people to guide the Ummah by merit, which is why in spite of their history of conflict, Umar was amongst his key policymen. He is known for his charity and focus on communal works, as well as infrastructure building with significant efforts being made for clean water for communities. Ali would die of an illness, leaving the election fairly open.
[4] The main contenders that the Answar and Muhajirs had to pick from included Muawiyah ibn Abi-Sufyan, Ali's own son Hasan, and Malik al-Ashtar. The debate was contentious; while many were fine with Hasan and thought he had the right since he was a member of the House and had the qualities needed, many in the muhajir, and the growing but small wing of Shurah, did not wish this. They were concerned that while the House (Muhammad's family) did well at guiding the community, that all Muslims should be capable of being Caliph, should they express the decision. This wing backed Muawiyah, the venerable Umayyad governor of Uruk. Ultimately the split lead to a compromise that neither liked that much in the form of Malik al-Ashtar. The Muhajirs and Shurah didn't like him for being too close to Ali. The Answar and Muhajirs that supported Hasan were not pleased that Hasan wasn't picked either though. Despite his age at ascension, he was assassinated by a member of the Haruri, the most militant group within the Shurah community.
[5] The enigmatic Yunus was one of the few remaining original followers of Muhammad. Something of a mystic and a great intellectual by the standards of his time and place, he governed in a relatively peaceful thirteen years, before he one night disappeared from his bedroom. It has never been properly established what happened to him.
 
Caliphs of the Ummah
619-632: Muhammad (Arabia - Early Islam) [1]
632-633: Abu Bakr (Arabia -Early Islam)[2]
633-657: Ali (Arabia -Early Islam) [3]
657-663: Malik (Arabia -Early Islam) [4]
663-676: Yunus (Arabia -Early Islam) [5]


676-704Muhsin ibn Ali (Arabia -Early Islam)[6]

[1] Unlike OTL, Muhammad lived three years longer after giving his farewell sermon, surviving the illness that took him in 632. Because of this, he had some effect on the election of the next two Caliphs.
[2] Abu Bakr was well-aware that Ali Abu Talib al-Hashim would succeed Muhammad as Caliph the moment he died, but he was alleged that either he or his supporters had forged the first Caliph's last will, which allowed Abu Bakr to succeed Muhammad as the leader of the Muslims. Nonetheless, he continued Muhammad's policy of giving support to Muslim city-statelets in the territories that surrounded Arabia (Red Sea coast of Egypt, the statelets in southern Syria and southernmost Mesopotomia). His reign only lasted for a year because he was poisoned by a follower of Ali disguised as a servant.
[3] As Muhammad was still alive at this time, his influence caused the main leaders of the Aswar and Muhajrs to pick his nephew Ali with little issue (he preferred Ali, but he did not speak out against the selection of Abu Bakr). Ali was a worldly and deeply pious man, who treated the role of Caliph as the adviser to the Ummah, the community, as well as its judge. He picked people to guide the Ummah by merit, which is why in spite of their history of conflict, Umar was amongst his key policymen. He is known for his charity and focus on communal works, as well as infrastructure building with significant efforts being made for clean water for communities. Ali would die of an illness, leaving the election fairly open.
[4] The main contenders that the Answar and Muhajirs had to pick from included Muawiyah ibn Abi-Sufyan, Ali's own son Hasan, and Malik al-Ashtar. The debate was contentious; while many were fine with Hasan and thought he had the right since he was a member of the House and had the qualities needed, many in the muhajir, and the growing but small wing of Shurah, did not wish this. They were concerned that while the House (Muhammad's family) did well at guiding the community, that all Muslims should be capable of being Caliph, should they express the decision. This wing backed Muawiyah, the venerable Umayyad governor of Uruk. Ultimately the split lead to a compromise that neither liked that much in the form of Malik al-Ashtar. The Muhajirs and Shurah didn't like him for being too close to Ali. The Answar and Muhajirs that supported Hasan were not pleased that Hasan wasn't picked either though. Despite his age at ascension, he was assassinated by a member of the Haruri, the most militant group within the Shurah community.
[5] The enigmatic Yunus was one of the few remaining original followers of Muhammad. Something of a mystic and a great intellectual by the standards of his time and place, he governed in a relatively peaceful thirteen years, before he one night disappeared from his bedroom. It has never been properly established what happened to him.
[6] Muhsin ibn Ali, was the son of Fatima Al Zahra (the daughter of Muhammad) and Ali (cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad.) Muhsin was three when his grandfather died, fearful of Abu Bakr, Fatima sent Muhsin away to study in Egypt where he became a devoted Muslim and fell in love with the daughter of a rich Egyptian nobleman who supported Muhsin ' claim to the be Caliphs.
As Caliphs for 28 years, Muhsin would see Islam spread into Eastern Africa and around the western coast of India, while avoiding going any further North, as a way of keeping peace with the Byzantine Empire under Emperor Justinian II.
When he died, he was buried in a newly build mosque within the walls of the valley of kings along side the ancient tombs of the Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom.
 
Caliphs of the Ummah
619-632: Muhammad (Arabia - Early Islam) [1]
632-633: Abu Bakr (Arabia -Early Islam)[2]
633-657: Ali (Arabia -Early Islam) [3]
657-663: Malik (Arabia -Early Islam) [4]
663-676: Yunus (Arabia -Early Islam) [5]
676-704: Muhsin ibn Ali (Arabia -Early Islam)[6]
704 -707: Isma'il ibn Hasan (Arabia -Sunnah Islam) [7]

[1] Unlike OTL, Muhammad lived three years longer after giving his farewell sermon, surviving the illness that took him in 632. Because of this, he had some effect on the election of the next two Caliphs.
[2] Abu Bakr was well-aware that Ali Abu Talib al-Hashim would succeed Muhammad as Caliph the moment he died, but he was alleged that either he or his supporters had forged the first Caliph's last will, which allowed Abu Bakr to succeed Muhammad as the leader of the Muslims. Nonetheless, he continued Muhammad's policy of giving support to Muslim city-statelets in the territories that surrounded Arabia (Red Sea coast of Egypt, the statelets in southern Syria and southernmost Mesopotomia). His reign only lasted for a year because he was poisoned by a follower of Ali disguised as a servant.
[3] As Muhammad was still alive at this time, his influence caused the main leaders of the Aswar and Muhajrs to pick his nephew Ali with little issue (he preferred Ali, but he did not speak out against the selection of Abu Bakr). Ali was a worldly and deeply pious man, who treated the role of Caliph as the adviser to the Ummah, the community, as well as its judge. He picked people to guide the Ummah by merit, which is why in spite of their history of conflict, Umar was amongst his key policymen. He is known for his charity and focus on communal works, as well as infrastructure building with significant efforts being made for clean water for communities. Ali would die of an illness, leaving the election fairly open.
[4] The main contenders that the Answar and Muhajirs had to pick from included Muawiyah ibn Abi-Sufyan, Ali's own son Hasan, and Malik al-Ashtar. The debate was contentious; while many were fine with Hasan and thought he had the right since he was a member of the House and had the qualities needed, many in the muhajir, and the growing but small wing of Shurah, did not wish this. They were concerned that while the House (Muhammad's family) did well at guiding the community, that all Muslims should be capable of being Caliph, should they express the decision. This wing backed Muawiyah, the venerable Umayyad governor of Uruk. Ultimately the split lead to a compromise that neither liked that much in the form of Malik al-Ashtar. The Muhajirs and Shurah didn't like him for being too close to Ali. The Answar and Muhajirs that supported Hasan were not pleased that Hasan wasn't picked either though. Despite his age at ascension, he was assassinated by a member of the Haruri, the most militant group within the Shurah community.
[5] The enigmatic Yunus was one of the few remaining original followers of Muhammad. Something of a mystic and a great intellectual by the standards of his time and place, he governed in a relatively peaceful thirteen years, before he one night disappeared from his bedroom. It has never been properly established what happened to him.
[6] Muhsin ibn Ali, was the son of Fatima Al Zahra (the daughter of Muhammad) and Ali (cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad.) Muhsin was three when his grandfather died, fearful of Abu Bakr, Fatima sent Muhsin away to study in Egypt where he became a devoted Muslim and fell in love with the daughter of a rich Egyptian nobleman who supported Muhsin ' claim to the be Caliphs.
As Caliphs for 28 years, Muhsin would see Islam spread into Eastern Africa and around the western coast of India, while avoiding going any further North, as a way of keeping peace with the Byzantine Empire under Emperor Justinian II.
When he died, he was buried in a newly build mosque within the walls of the valley of kings along side the ancient tombs of the Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom.
[7] As with the death of Ali, Muhsin's death again opened the selection. This time, the debate was between having Isma'il ibn Hassan, son of Hassan, son of Ali as Caliph, or Ibrahim ibn Marwan, one of the Ummayad family members who became well known as an Islamic jurist. After some debate, Isma'il was selected by most of the leadership, but this selection set off the most radical elements of the Shurah and even some of the Muhajir communities. The Haruriyyah, the most militant element of this group, led what would become known as the First Fitna against what they see as a corruption of Allah's will. They screamed that the Caliph could not speak for them if it can be something that just runs in the family, even one as great as the line of Ali has shown so far. The remaining Shurah, most of the Muhajir and the Answar side with Isma'ill, and the first split in Islam occurs. Those who sided with Isma'il become known as Sunnites, or Sunnah, for following consensus. The radical Shurites and Muhajirs who joined the Haruriyyah became known as the Kharijites. Isma'il is wounded in battle against the Kharijites and would never quite recover, dying about ten months later due to a weakened constitution.
 
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Caliphs of the Ummah
Rashidun - "Righteous" Caliphs 619-632: Muhammad (Arabia - Early Islam) [1]
632-633: Abu Bakr (Arabia -Early Islam)[2]
633-657: Ali (Arabia -Early Islam) [3]
657-663: Malik (Arabia -Early Islam) [4]
663-676: Yunus (Arabia -Early Islam) [5]
676-704: Muhsin ibn Ali (Arabia -Early Islam)[6]
704-707: Isma'il ibn Hasan (Arabia -Sunnah Islam) [7]

Muakkad - "Confirmed" Caliphs
707-722: Husayn (Iraq - Sunnah Islam) [8]

[1] Unlike OTL, Muhammad lived three years longer after giving his farewell sermon, surviving the illness that took him in 632. Because of this, he had some effect on the election of the next two Caliphs.
[2] Abu Bakr was well-aware that Ali Abu Talib al-Hashim would succeed Muhammad as Caliph the moment he died, but he was alleged that either he or his supporters had forged the first Caliph's last will, which allowed Abu Bakr to succeed Muhammad as the leader of the Muslims. Nonetheless, he continued Muhammad's policy of giving support to Muslim city-statelets in the territories that surrounded Arabia (Red Sea coast of Egypt, the statelets in southern Syria and southernmost Mesopotomia). His reign only lasted for a year because he was poisoned by a follower of Ali disguised as a servant.
[3] As Muhammad was still alive at this time, his influence caused the main leaders of the Aswar and Muhajrs to pick his nephew Ali with little issue (he preferred Ali, but he did not speak out against the selection of Abu Bakr). Ali was a worldly and deeply pious man, who treated the role of Caliph as the adviser to the Ummah, the community, as well as its judge. He picked people to guide the Ummah by merit, which is why in spite of their history of conflict, Umar was amongst his key policymen. He is known for his charity and focus on communal works, as well as infrastructure building with significant efforts being made for clean water for communities. Ali would die of an illness, leaving the election fairly open.
[4] The main contenders that the Answar and Muhajirs had to pick from included Muawiyah ibn Abi-Sufyan, Ali's own son Hasan, and Malik al-Ashtar. The debate was contentious; while many were fine with Hasan and thought he had the right since he was a member of the House and had the qualities needed, many in the muhajir, and the growing but small wing of Shurah, did not wish this. They were concerned that while the House (Muhammad's family) did well at guiding the community, that all Muslims should be capable of being Caliph, should they express the decision. This wing backed Muawiyah, the venerable Umayyad governor of Uruk. Ultimately the split lead to a compromise that neither liked that much in the form of Malik al-Ashtar. The Muhajirs and Shurah didn't like him for being too close to Ali. The Answar and Muhajirs that supported Hasan were not pleased that Hasan wasn't picked either though. Despite his age at ascension, he was assassinated by a member of the Haruri, the most militant group within the Shurah community.
[5] The enigmatic Yunus was one of the few remaining original followers of Muhammad. Something of a mystic and a great intellectual by the standards of his time and place, he governed in a relatively peaceful thirteen years, before he one night disappeared from his bedroom. It has never been properly established what happened to him.
[6] Muhsin ibn Ali, was the son of Fatima Al Zahra (the daughter of Muhammad) and Ali (cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad.) Muhsin was three when his grandfather died, fearful of Abu Bakr, Fatima sent Muhsin away to study in Egypt where he became a devoted Muslim and fell in love with the daughter of a rich Egyptian nobleman who supported Muhsin ' claim to the be Caliphs.
As Caliphs for 28 years, Muhsin would see Islam spread into Eastern Africa and around the western coast of India, while avoiding going any further North, as a way of keeping peace with the Byzantine Empire under Emperor Justinian II.
When he died, he was buried in a newly build mosque within the walls of the valley of kings along side the ancient tombs of the Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom.
[7] As with the death of Ali, Muhsin's death again opened the selection. This time, the debate was between having Isma'il ibn Hassan, son of Hassan, son of Ali as Caliph, or Ibrahim ibn Marwan, one of the Ummayad family members who became well known as an Islamic jurist. After some debate, Isma'il was selected by most of the leadership, but this selection set off the most radical elements of the Shurah and even some of the Muhajir communities. The Haruriyyah, the most militant element of this group, led what would become known as the First Fitna against what they see as a corruption of Allah's will. They screamed that the Caliph could not speak for them if it can be something that just runs in the family, even one as great as the line of Ali has shown so far. The remaining Shurah, most of the Muhajir and the Answar side with Isma'ill, and the first split in Islam occurs. Those who sided with Isma'il become known as Sunnites, or Sunnah, for following consensus. The radical Shurites and Muhajirs who joined the Haruriyyah became known as the Kharijites. Isma'il is wounded in battle against the Kharijites and would never quite recover, dying about ten months later due to a weakened constitution.
[8] Due to the nature of the election, the selection was rather quick. The line of Ali was still rather available, and scions like Murad ibn Jafar, grandson of Muhsin, had potential. But the problem was at this point none of the grand house heirs were quite old enough to have the maturity in leading the Ummah; Murad was only 13 at this time. Because of this, the Ummayad Clan finally was acknowledged for their service when Hussayn ibn Yusef, a scion of that line and a school teacher of one of the great Madrasas in Iraq was selected rather quickly. He managed to win the Fitna and suppress the Kharijites, who would form communities in the east, in the Maghreb, and migrate to Europe in smaller communities to escape persecution. He began work on furnishing what would later be known as Al-Aqsa Mosque.
 
Caliphs of the Ummah
Rashidun - "Righteous" Caliphs 619-632: Muhammad (Arabia - Early Islam) [1]
632-633: Abu Bakr (Arabia -Early Islam)[2]
633-657: Ali (Arabia -Early Islam) [3]
657-663: Malik (Arabia -Early Islam) [4]
663-676: Yunus (Arabia -Early Islam) [5]
676-704: Muhsin ibn Ali (Arabia -Early Islam)[6]
704-707: Isma'il ibn Hasan (Arabia -Sunnah Islam) [7]

Muakkad - "Confirmed" Caliphs
707-722: Husayn (Iraq - Sunnah Islam) [8]
722-738: Murad ibn Jafar (Egypt - Sunnah Islam) [9]

[1] Unlike OTL, Muhammad lived three years longer after giving his farewell sermon, surviving the illness that took him in 632. Because of this, he had some effect on the election of the next two Caliphs.
[2] Abu Bakr was well-aware that Ali Abu Talib al-Hashim would succeed Muhammad as Caliph the moment he died, but he was alleged that either he or his supporters had forged the first Caliph's last will, which allowed Abu Bakr to succeed Muhammad as the leader of the Muslims. Nonetheless, he continued Muhammad's policy of giving support to Muslim city-statelets in the territories that surrounded Arabia (Red Sea coast of Egypt, the statelets in southern Syria and southernmost Mesopotomia). His reign only lasted for a year because he was poisoned by a follower of Ali disguised as a servant.
[3] As Muhammad was still alive at this time, his influence caused the main leaders of the Aswar and Muhajrs to pick his nephew Ali with little issue (he preferred Ali, but he did not speak out against the selection of Abu Bakr). Ali was a worldly and deeply pious man, who treated the role of Caliph as the adviser to the Ummah, the community, as well as its judge. He picked people to guide the Ummah by merit, which is why in spite of their history of conflict, Umar was amongst his key policymen. He is known for his charity and focus on communal works, as well as infrastructure building with significant efforts being made for clean water for communities. Ali would die of an illness, leaving the election fairly open.
[4] The main contenders that the Answar and Muhajirs had to pick from included Muawiyah ibn Abi-Sufyan, Ali's own son Hasan, and Malik al-Ashtar. The debate was contentious; while many were fine with Hasan and thought he had the right since he was a member of the House and had the qualities needed, many in the muhajir, and the growing but small wing of Shurah, did not wish this. They were concerned that while the House (Muhammad's family) did well at guiding the community, that all Muslims should be capable of being Caliph, should they express the decision. This wing backed Muawiyah, the venerable Umayyad governor of Uruk. Ultimately the split lead to a compromise that neither liked that much in the form of Malik al-Ashtar. The Muhajirs and Shurah didn't like him for being too close to Ali. The Answar and Muhajirs that supported Hasan were not pleased that Hasan wasn't picked either though. Despite his age at ascension, he was assassinated by a member of the Haruri, the most militant group within the Shurah community.
[5] The enigmatic Yunus was one of the few remaining original followers of Muhammad. Something of a mystic and a great intellectual by the standards of his time and place, he governed in a relatively peaceful thirteen years, before he one night disappeared from his bedroom. It has never been properly established what happened to him.
[6] Muhsin ibn Ali, was the son of Fatima Al Zahra (the daughter of Muhammad) and Ali (cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad.) Muhsin was three when his grandfather died, fearful of Abu Bakr, Fatima sent Muhsin away to study in Egypt where he became a devoted Muslim and fell in love with the daughter of a rich Egyptian nobleman who supported Muhsin ' claim to the be Caliphs.
As Caliphs for 28 years, Muhsin would see Islam spread into Eastern Africa and around the western coast of India, while avoiding going any further North, as a way of keeping peace with the Byzantine Empire under Emperor Justinian II.
When he died, he was buried in a newly build mosque within the walls of the valley of kings along side the ancient tombs of the Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom.
[7] As with the death of Ali, Muhsin's death again opened the selection. This time, the debate was between having Isma'il ibn Hassan, son of Hassan, son of Ali as Caliph, or Ibrahim ibn Marwan, one of the Ummayad family members who became well known as an Islamic jurist. After some debate, Isma'il was selected by most of the leadership, but this selection set off the most radical elements of the Shurah and even some of the Muhajir communities. The Haruriyyah, the most militant element of this group, led what would become known as the First Fitna against what they see as a corruption of Allah's will. They screamed that the Caliph could not speak for them if it can be something that just runs in the family, even one as great as the line of Ali has shown so far. The remaining Shurah, most of the Muhajir and the Answar side with Isma'ill, and the first split in Islam occurs. Those who sided with Isma'il become known as Sunnites, or Sunnah, for following consensus. The radical Shurites and Muhajirs who joined the Haruriyyah became known as the Kharijites. Isma'il is wounded in battle against the Kharijites and would never quite recover, dying about ten months later due to a weakened constitution.
[8] Due to the nature of the election, the selection was rather quick. The line of Ali was still rather available, and scions like Murad ibn Jafar, grandson of Muhsin, had potential. But the problem was at this point none of the grand house heirs were quite old enough to have the maturity in leading the Ummah; Murad was only 13 at this time. Because of this, the Ummayad Clan finally was acknowledged for their service when Hussayn ibn Yusef, a scion of that line and a school teacher of one of the great Madrasas in Iraq was selected rather quickly. He managed to win the Fitna and suppress the Kharijites, who would form communities in the east, in the Maghreb, and migrate to Europe in smaller communities to escape persecution. He began work on furnishing what would later be known as Al-Aqsa Mosque.
[9] Murad proved to be a very active Caliph, and could have been quite autocratic in rule if there was a strong precedent for autocratic Caliphs before this point. Due to the decentralized nature and soft power held by the Caliph, he could not quite rule in that way. Instead, he focused heavily on missionary work to channel this drive, personally going along the Silk Road himself at several times to the Tocharian/Uighur peoples and Han beyond to do so. He died in Kashgar actually, where a Mosque would be erected around his body.
 
Caliphs of the Ummah
Rashidun - "Righteous" Caliphs 619-632: Muhammad (Arabia - Early Islam) [1]
632-633: Abu Bakr (Arabia -Early Islam)[2]
633-657: Ali (Arabia -Early Islam) [3]
657-663: Malik (Arabia -Early Islam) [4]
663-676: Yunus (Arabia -Early Islam) [5]
676-704: Muhsin ibn Ali (Arabia -Early Islam)[6]
704-707: Isma'il ibn Hasan (Arabia -Sunnah Islam) [7]

Muakkad - "Confirmed" Caliphs
707-722: Husayn (Iraq - Sunnah Islam) [8]
722-738: Murad ibn Jafar (Egypt - Sunnah Islam) [9]
738-770: Ramsīs bin Musa (Egypt - Sunnah Islam) [10]

[1] Unlike OTL, Muhammad lived three years longer after giving his farewell sermon, surviving the illness that took him in 632. Because of this, he had some effect on the election of the next two Caliphs.
[2] Abu Bakr was well-aware that Ali Abu Talib al-Hashim would succeed Muhammad as Caliph the moment he died, but he was alleged that either he or his supporters had forged the first Caliph's last will, which allowed Abu Bakr to succeed Muhammad as the leader of the Muslims. Nonetheless, he continued Muhammad's policy of giving support to Muslim city-statelets in the territories that surrounded Arabia (Red Sea coast of Egypt, the statelets in southern Syria and southernmost Mesopotomia). His reign only lasted for a year because he was poisoned by a follower of Ali disguised as a servant.
[3] As Muhammad was still alive at this time, his influence caused the main leaders of the Aswar and Muhajrs to pick his nephew Ali with little issue (he preferred Ali, but he did not speak out against the selection of Abu Bakr). Ali was a worldly and deeply pious man, who treated the role of Caliph as the adviser to the Ummah, the community, as well as its judge. He picked people to guide the Ummah by merit, which is why in spite of their history of conflict, Umar was amongst his key policymen. He is known for his charity and focus on communal works, as well as infrastructure building with significant efforts being made for clean water for communities. Ali would die of an illness, leaving the election fairly open.
[4] The main contenders that the Answar and Muhajirs had to pick from included Muawiyah ibn Abi-Sufyan, Ali's own son Hasan, and Malik al-Ashtar. The debate was contentious; while many were fine with Hasan and thought he had the right since he was a member of the House and had the qualities needed, many in the muhajir, and the growing but small wing of Shurah, did not wish this. They were concerned that while the House (Muhammad's family) did well at guiding the community, that all Muslims should be capable of being Caliph, should they express the decision. This wing backed Muawiyah, the venerable Umayyad governor of Uruk. Ultimately the split lead to a compromise that neither liked that much in the form of Malik al-Ashtar. The Muhajirs and Shurah didn't like him for being too close to Ali. The Answar and Muhajirs that supported Hasan were not pleased that Hasan wasn't picked either though. Despite his age at ascension, he was assassinated by a member of the Haruri, the most militant group within the Shurah community.
[5] The enigmatic Yunus was one of the few remaining original followers of Muhammad. Something of a mystic and a great intellectual by the standards of his time and place, he governed in a relatively peaceful thirteen years, before he one night disappeared from his bedroom. It has never been properly established what happened to him.
[6] Muhsin ibn Ali, was the son of Fatima Al Zahra (the daughter of Muhammad) and Ali (cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad.) Muhsin was three when his grandfather died, fearful of Abu Bakr, Fatima sent Muhsin away to study in Egypt where he became a devoted Muslim and fell in love with the daughter of a rich Egyptian nobleman who supported Muhsin ' claim to the be Caliphs.
As Caliphs for 28 years, Muhsin would see Islam spread into Eastern Africa and around the western coast of India, while avoiding going any further North, as a way of keeping peace with the Byzantine Empire under Emperor Justinian II.
When he died, he was buried in a newly build mosque within the walls of the valley of kings along side the ancient tombs of the Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom.
[7] As with the death of Ali, Muhsin's death again opened the selection. This time, the debate was between having Isma'il ibn Hassan, son of Hassan, son of Ali as Caliph, or Ibrahim ibn Marwan, one of the Ummayad family members who became well known as an Islamic jurist. After some debate, Isma'il was selected by most of the leadership, but this selection set off the most radical elements of the Shurah and even some of the Muhajir communities. The Haruriyyah, the most militant element of this group, led what would become known as the First Fitna against what they see as a corruption of Allah's will. They screamed that the Caliph could not speak for them if it can be something that just runs in the family, even one as great as the line of Ali has shown so far. The remaining Shurah, most of the Muhajir and the Answar side with Isma'ill, and the first split in Islam occurs. Those who sided with Isma'il become known as Sunnites, or Sunnah, for following consensus. The radical Shurites and Muhajirs who joined the Haruriyyah became known as the Kharijites. Isma'il is wounded in battle against the Kharijites and would never quite recover, dying about ten months later due to a weakened constitution.
[8] Due to the nature of the election, the selection was rather quick. The line of Ali was still rather available, and scions like Murad ibn Jafar, grandson of Muhsin, had potential. But the problem was at this point none of the grand house heirs were quite old enough to have the maturity in leading the Ummah; Murad was only 13 at this time. Because of this, the Ummayad Clan finally was acknowledged for their service when Hussayn ibn Yusef, a scion of that line and a school teacher of one of the great Madrasas in Iraq was selected rather quickly. He managed to win the Fitna and suppress the Kharijites, who would form communities in the east, in the Maghreb, and migrate to Europe in smaller communities to escape persecution. He began work on furnishing what would later be known as Al-Aqsa Mosque.
[9] Murad proved to be a very active Caliph, and could have been quite autocratic in rule if there was a strong precedent for autocratic Caliphs before this point. Due to the decentralized nature and soft power held by the Caliph, he could not quite rule in that way. Instead, he focused heavily on missionary work to channel this drive, personally going along the Silk Road himself at several times to the Tocharian/Uighur peoples and Han beyond to do so. He died in Kashgar actually, where a Mosque would be erected around his body.
[10] Personally chosen by fellow Egyptian (and predecessor) Murad ibn Jafar, he was well-known for reforming the Islamic calendar to lunisolar one; hence, the Hijra was now celebrated on the month of April in the calendar of the Westerners. However, cracks within the Caliphate began to appear at the same because of the Caliph's alleged favoritism with Egyptian-speaking officials and imams over other nationalities, especially the Arabs.
 
Caliphs of the Ummah
Rashidun - "Righteous" Caliphs 619-632: Muhammad (Arabia - Early Islam) [1]
632-633: Abu Bakr (Arabia -Early Islam)[2]
633-657: Ali (Arabia -Early Islam) [3]
657-663: Malik (Arabia -Early Islam) [4]
663-676: Yunus (Arabia -Early Islam) [5]
676-704: Muhsin ibn Ali (Arabia -Early Islam)[6]
704-707: Isma'il ibn Hasan (Arabia -Sunnah Islam) [7]

Muakkad - "Confirmed" Caliphs
707-722: Husayn (Iraq - Sunnah Islam) [8]
722-738: Murad ibn Jafar (Egypt - Sunnah Islam) [9]
738-770: Ramsīs bin Musa (Egypt - Sunnah Islam) [10]
770-783: Faisal (Syria - Sunnah Islam) [11]

[1] Unlike OTL, Muhammad lived three years longer after giving his farewell sermon, surviving the illness that took him in 632. Because of this, he had some effect on the election of the next two Caliphs.
[2] Abu Bakr was well-aware that Ali Abu Talib al-Hashim would succeed Muhammad as Caliph the moment he died, but he was alleged that either he or his supporters had forged the first Caliph's last will, which allowed Abu Bakr to succeed Muhammad as the leader of the Muslims. Nonetheless, he continued Muhammad's policy of giving support to Muslim city-statelets in the territories that surrounded Arabia (Red Sea coast of Egypt, the statelets in southern Syria and southernmost Mesopotomia). His reign only lasted for a year because he was poisoned by a follower of Ali disguised as a servant.
[3] As Muhammad was still alive at this time, his influence caused the main leaders of the Aswar and Muhajrs to pick his nephew Ali with little issue (he preferred Ali, but he did not speak out against the selection of Abu Bakr). Ali was a worldly and deeply pious man, who treated the role of Caliph as the adviser to the Ummah, the community, as well as its judge. He picked people to guide the Ummah by merit, which is why in spite of their history of conflict, Umar was amongst his key policymen. He is known for his charity and focus on communal works, as well as infrastructure building with significant efforts being made for clean water for communities. Ali would die of an illness, leaving the election fairly open.
[4] The main contenders that the Answar and Muhajirs had to pick from included Muawiyah ibn Abi-Sufyan, Ali's own son Hasan, and Malik al-Ashtar. The debate was contentious; while many were fine with Hasan and thought he had the right since he was a member of the House and had the qualities needed, many in the muhajir, and the growing but small wing of Shurah, did not wish this. They were concerned that while the House (Muhammad's family) did well at guiding the community, that all Muslims should be capable of being Caliph, should they express the decision. This wing backed Muawiyah, the venerable Umayyad governor of Uruk. Ultimately the split lead to a compromise that neither liked that much in the form of Malik al-Ashtar. The Muhajirs and Shurah didn't like him for being too close to Ali. The Answar and Muhajirs that supported Hasan were not pleased that Hasan wasn't picked either though. Despite his age at ascension, he was assassinated by a member of the Haruri, the most militant group within the Shurah community.
[5] The enigmatic Yunus was one of the few remaining original followers of Muhammad. Something of a mystic and a great intellectual by the standards of his time and place, he governed in a relatively peaceful thirteen years, before he one night disappeared from his bedroom. It has never been properly established what happened to him.
[6] Muhsin ibn Ali, was the son of Fatima Al Zahra (the daughter of Muhammad) and Ali (cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad.) Muhsin was three when his grandfather died, fearful of Abu Bakr, Fatima sent Muhsin away to study in Egypt where he became a devoted Muslim and fell in love with the daughter of a rich Egyptian nobleman who supported Muhsin ' claim to the be Caliphs.
As Caliphs for 28 years, Muhsin would see Islam spread into Eastern Africa and around the western coast of India, while avoiding going any further North, as a way of keeping peace with the Byzantine Empire under Emperor Justinian II.
When he died, he was buried in a newly build mosque within the walls of the valley of kings along side the ancient tombs of the Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom.
[7] As with the death of Ali, Muhsin's death again opened the selection. This time, the debate was between having Isma'il ibn Hassan, son of Hassan, son of Ali as Caliph, or Ibrahim ibn Marwan, one of the Ummayad family members who became well known as an Islamic jurist. After some debate, Isma'il was selected by most of the leadership, but this selection set off the most radical elements of the Shurah and even some of the Muhajir communities. The Haruriyyah, the most militant element of this group, led what would become known as the First Fitna against what they see as a corruption of Allah's will. They screamed that the Caliph could not speak for them if it can be something that just runs in the family, even one as great as the line of Ali has shown so far. The remaining Shurah, most of the Muhajir and the Answar side with Isma'ill, and the first split in Islam occurs. Those who sided with Isma'il become known as Sunnites, or Sunnah, for following consensus. The radical Shurites and Muhajirs who joined the Haruriyyah became known as the Kharijites. Isma'il is wounded in battle against the Kharijites and would never quite recover, dying about ten months later due to a weakened constitution.
[8] Due to the nature of the election, the selection was rather quick. The line of Ali was still rather available, and scions like Murad ibn Jafar, grandson of Muhsin, had potential. But the problem was at this point none of the grand house heirs were quite old enough to have the maturity in leading the Ummah; Murad was only 13 at this time. Because of this, the Ummayad Clan finally was acknowledged for their service when Hussayn ibn Yusef, a scion of that line and a school teacher of one of the great Madrasas in Iraq was selected rather quickly. He managed to win the Fitna and suppress the Kharijites, who would form communities in the east, in the Maghreb, and migrate to Europe in smaller communities to escape persecution. He began work on furnishing what would later be known as Al-Aqsa Mosque.
[9] Murad proved to be a very active Caliph, and could have been quite autocratic in rule if there was a strong precedent for autocratic Caliphs before this point. Due to the decentralized nature and soft power held by the Caliph, he could not quite rule in that way. Instead, he focused heavily on missionary work to channel this drive, personally going along the Silk Road himself at several times to the Tocharian/Uighur peoples and Han beyond to do so. He died in Kashgar actually, where a Mosque would be erected around his body.
[10] Personally chosen by fellow Egyptian (and predecessor) Murad ibn Jafar, he was well-known for reforming the Islamic calendar to lunisolar one; hence, the Hijra was now celebrated on the month of April in the calendar of the Westerners. However, cracks within the Caliphate began to appear at the same because of the Caliph's alleged favoritism with Egyptian-speaking officials and imams over other nationalities, especially the Arabs.
[11] In a move designed to placate this outrage, the leaders managed to scrounge up a compromise candidate in the form of Faisal Al-Nasri. This Imam, hailing from Syria and who taught for years in the Madrasas of Kashgar, Hamadan, and even great Baghdad and Alexandria, was considered worldly enough to help mollify anti-arab and anti-Misri sentiment. Even then, a subtle split occurred at this point. The Kharijite community, which remained strongest in the Maghreb and in communities in Spain even after a slow decline in numbers, communicated ideas with the world at large. In particular, a Persian Imam named Kambiz Attar, took some of these ideas and interspersed it with elements of Kabbalistic practices from Judaism and slight hints of dualism from Manichaeism. This new movement, the Makhfi novement would explode at the end of Faisal's reign, initiating what is known as the Second Fitna.
 
Caliphs of the Ummah
Rashidun - "Righteous" Caliphs 619-632: Muhammad (Arabia - Early Islam) [1]
632-633: Abu Bakr (Arabia -Early Islam)[2]
633-657: Ali (Arabia -Early Islam) [3]
657-663: Malik (Arabia -Early Islam) [4]
663-676: Yunus (Arabia -Early Islam) [5]
676-704: Muhsin ibn Ali (Arabia -Early Islam)[6]
704-707: Isma'il ibn Hasan (Arabia -Sunnah Islam) [7]
First Fitna: 704 - 713

Muakkad - "Confirmed" Caliphs
707-722: Husayn (Iraq - Sunnah Islam) [8]
722-738: Murad ibn Jafar (Egypt - Sunnah Islam) [9]
738-770: Ramsīs bin Musa (Egypt - Sunnah Islam) [10]
770-783: Faisal (Syria - Sunnah Islam) [11]
Second Fitna: 781 - ???

Caliphs of the Split Ummah

Muakkad - "Confirmed" Caliphs

770-783: Faisal (Syria - Sunnah Islam) [11]
???-???: ????????? (????? - ????? Islam)
Tanqituh - "Purified" Caliphs

781-???: Reza (Persia - Makhfi Islam) [12]

[1] Unlike OTL, Muhammad lived three years longer after giving his farewell sermon, surviving the illness that took him in 632. Because of this, he had some effect on the election of the next two Caliphs.
[2] Abu Bakr was well-aware that Ali Abu Talib al-Hashim would succeed Muhammad as Caliph the moment he died, but he was alleged that either he or his supporters had forged the first Caliph's last will, which allowed Abu Bakr to succeed Muhammad as the leader of the Muslims. Nonetheless, he continued Muhammad's policy of giving support to Muslim city-statelets in the territories that surrounded Arabia (Red Sea coast of Egypt, the statelets in southern Syria and southernmost Mesopotomia). His reign only lasted for a year because he was poisoned by a follower of Ali disguised as a servant.
[3] As Muhammad was still alive at this time, his influence caused the main leaders of the Aswar and Muhajrs to pick his nephew Ali with little issue (he preferred Ali, but he did not speak out against the selection of Abu Bakr). Ali was a worldly and deeply pious man, who treated the role of Caliph as the adviser to the Ummah, the community, as well as its judge. He picked people to guide the Ummah by merit, which is why in spite of their history of conflict, Umar was amongst his key policymen. He is known for his charity and focus on communal works, as well as infrastructure building with significant efforts being made for clean water for communities. Ali would die of an illness, leaving the election fairly open.
[4] The main contenders that the Answar and Muhajirs had to pick from included Muawiyah ibn Abi-Sufyan, Ali's own son Hasan, and Malik al-Ashtar. The debate was contentious; while many were fine with Hasan and thought he had the right since he was a member of the House and had the qualities needed, many in the muhajir, and the growing but small wing of Shurah, did not wish this. They were concerned that while the House (Muhammad's family) did well at guiding the community, that all Muslims should be capable of being Caliph, should they express the decision. This wing backed Muawiyah, the venerable Umayyad governor of Uruk. Ultimately the split lead to a compromise that neither liked that much in the form of Malik al-Ashtar. The Muhajirs and Shurah didn't like him for being too close to Ali. The Answar and Muhajirs that supported Hasan were not pleased that Hasan wasn't picked either though. Despite his age at ascension, he was assassinated by a member of the Haruri, the most militant group within the Shurah community.
[5] The enigmatic Yunus was one of the few remaining original followers of Muhammad. Something of a mystic and a great intellectual by the standards of his time and place, he governed in a relatively peaceful thirteen years, before he one night disappeared from his bedroom. It has never been properly established what happened to him.
[6] Muhsin ibn Ali, was the son of Fatima Al Zahra (the daughter of Muhammad) and Ali (cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad.) Muhsin was three when his grandfather died, fearful of Abu Bakr, Fatima sent Muhsin away to study in Egypt where he became a devoted Muslim and fell in love with the daughter of a rich Egyptian nobleman who supported Muhsin ' claim to the be Caliphs.
As Caliphs for 28 years, Muhsin would see Islam spread into Eastern Africa and around the western coast of India, while avoiding going any further North, as a way of keeping peace with the Byzantine Empire under Emperor Justinian II.
When he died, he was buried in a newly build mosque within the walls of the valley of kings along side the ancient tombs of the Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom.
[7] As with the death of Ali, Muhsin's death again opened the selection. This time, the debate was between having Isma'il ibn Hassan, son of Hassan, son of Ali as Caliph, or Ibrahim ibn Marwan, one of the Ummayad family members who became well known as an Islamic jurist. After some debate, Isma'il was selected by most of the leadership, but this selection set off the most radical elements of the Shurah and even some of the Muhajir communities. The Haruriyyah, the most militant element of this group, led what would become known as the First Fitna against what they see as a corruption of Allah's will. They screamed that the Caliph could not speak for them if it can be something that just runs in the family, even one as great as the line of Ali has shown so far. The remaining Shurah, most of the Muhajir and the Answar side with Isma'ill, and the first split in Islam occurs. Those who sided with Isma'il become known as Sunnites, or Sunnah, for following consensus. The radical Shurites and Muhajirs who joined the Haruriyyah became known as the Kharijites. Isma'il is wounded in battle against the Kharijites and would never quite recover, dying about ten months later due to a weakened constitution.
[8] Due to the nature of the election, the selection was rather quick. The line of Ali was still rather available, and scions like Murad ibn Jafar, grandson of Muhsin, had potential. But the problem was at this point none of the grand house heirs were quite old enough to have the maturity in leading the Ummah; Murad was only 13 at this time. Because of this, the Ummayad Clan finally was acknowledged for their service when Hussayn ibn Yusef, a scion of that line and a school teacher of one of the great Madrasas in Iraq was selected rather quickly. He managed to win the Fitna and suppress the Kharijites, who would form communities in the east, in the Maghreb, and migrate to Europe in smaller communities to escape persecution. He began work on furnishing what would later be known as Al-Aqsa Mosque.
[9] Murad proved to be a very active Caliph, and could have been quite autocratic in rule if there was a strong precedent for autocratic Caliphs before this point. Due to the decentralized nature and soft power held by the Caliph, he could not quite rule in that way. Instead, he focused heavily on missionary work to channel this drive, personally going along the Silk Road himself at several times to the Tocharian/Uighur peoples and Han beyond to do so. He died in Kashgar actually, where a Mosque would be erected around his body.
[10] Personally chosen by fellow Egyptian (and predecessor) Murad ibn Jafar, he was well-known for reforming the Islamic calendar to lunisolar one; hence, the Hijra was now celebrated on the month of April in the calendar of the Westerners. However, cracks within the Caliphate began to appear at the same because of the Caliph's alleged favoritism with Egyptian-speaking officials and imams over other nationalities, especially the Arabs.
[11] In a move designed to placate this outrage, the leaders managed to scrounge up a compromise candidate in the form of Faisal Al-Nasri. This Imam, hailing from Syria and who taught for years in the Madrasas of Kashgar, Hamadan, and even great Baghdad and Alexandria, was considered worldly enough to help mollify anti-arab and anti-Misri sentiment. Even then, a subtle split occurred at this point. The Kharijite community, which remained strongest in the Maghreb and in communities in Spain even after a slow decline in numbers, communicated ideas with the world at large. In particular, a Persian Imam named Kambiz Attar, took some of these ideas and interspersed it with elements of Kabbalistic practices from Judaism and slight hints of dualism from Manichaeism. This new movement, the Makhfi novement would explode at the end of Faisal's reign, initiating what is known as the Second Fitna.
[12] The Makhfi movement, quite strong in the Levant and some regions of Persia, quickly unify around Reza Khouroush, a student of Imam Attar. The resulting civil war would last until _______, where the _________ caliphs managed to suppress their opponents for now, even if they still elect stand in Caliphs in secret.
 
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