Very interesting! It would probably require a revolution, but we've never really seen a revolution with this kind of motivation before. Communism may have been anti-capitalism, but it was never presented at anti-growth. There are elements of some right-wing movements that remind me a bit of this in a very very warped way. Certain anti-capitalist tendencies of Father Coughlin's platform in the US. The German Youth Movement and certain nationalistic, protectivist welfare tendencies in various European countries between the wars. And honestly, for an extreme example from fiction, we're given a depiction of Gilead- at least in its own propaganda- of an anti-capitalist society rebuilt around the search for, er, a very narrow and specific kind of..."joy." Gilead and the world of Handmaid's Tale couldn't possibly maintain its focus on growth, what with the fertility crisis.
So one unhelpful answer would be a real fertility crisis. Another would be some sort of early financial crisis (preferably in the 19th century) that shakes the world's faith in the gold standard before fiat currencies are strong enough to take its place.
Then there's the incremental approach. Just beef up the intellectual bona fides of the ideology as early as possible, have its appeal grow slowly as other ideologies fall by the wayside, and just let them permeate the culture at-large. Until millimeter by millimeter it's mainstream.