1. Of course Europe will bail out the Romans - they may not be the power they used to be, but Rome's diplomatic strength is to be feared. There are few powers on the continent that don't acknowledge, on some level, Rome as the great father of their culture.
2. Well, that's been true ever since the 600s, when Greek largely replaced Latin as the state language. Admittedly, the Dual Monarchy situation and the use of Turkish as a second state language is somewhat newer. Pessimists say this is another splitting of the Empire into East and West, with only one piece surviving - optimists point to Poland-Lithuania and say that a split system can work just fine.
3. Honestly, this is less due to religious prohibitions and more a result of two factors: the Cordoban Flu of 1977 (yeah, I know they say swine flu now, but if those damned Syndicalists hadn't tried to cover it up this wouldn't have been half the mess it was) wiped out the country's pigs and made people rather disinclined to rebuild the industry, and a quirk in Cordoban trade policy that makes the meat (and wool - it's really a protection for the sheep industry) of hooved mammals quite expensive to import.
4. The Golden Horde calls itself that in informal use all the time - other countries started using it more after they struck oil at Baku back in 1920. The official name is much longer and harder to spell, I don't actually remember it right now.
5. Well, the Bavarian Admiralty has a grand fleet of river monitors and customs patrol boats. But to be honest, it's mostly a holdover from the days of the Holy Roman Emperor. King Ludwig III was the last Holy Roman Emperor back when the institution was restructured into the Zollverein back in 1877, and a lot of the rump HRE institutions were absorbed into the Bavarian government. Bavaria actually ran the postal services of the rest of the former HRE until 1935, you know. Rumor has it the Bavarian Admiralty is kept around as a place for the king to send his least competent relatives - you know the phrase "Bavarian admiral at the World Science Congress" to describe someone who's in over their head?
6. I guess the Teutonic Knights are sort of cavalry - some of them are on motorbikes, and the majority use something similar to these:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespa_150_TAP
Essentially, the Prussians keep them around as a sort of technological rival to the Austrian Lippizaner Brigade - instead of guys doing stunts on horses, they do stunts on motorbikes, mostly on motorbikes with recoilless rifles. Remember when they had the souped-up squad of them jump the Snake River Canyon, over in North America? Pretty cool.
7. Georgia's history is interesting. It stayed independent for quite some time as a vassal of the Romans, and though it was occaisionally conquered by the Golden Horde, they decided to keep it as a nominally independent client state. During the Liberal Revolutions of the 19th Century, Georgia was used by both these states as a dumping ground for radical political exiles. The idea was that they'd let all their radicals try to build a utopia in Georgia, keep the borders patrolled, and have a safety valve for their societies. To an extent, this has worked, though Georgia's politics have been somewhat confused. At present, the state is made up of 50 self-governing enclaves, each dedicated to its own political philosophy. Most are kept alive by donations from fellow believers in other nations, and petty brushfire skirmishes are common, though full-blown civil war has been avoided since 1957.
8. You're just not a fan of Muscovite architechure, I guess. Personally, I think the Neo-Functionalist buildings of Moscow have a certain charm to them that's lacking in the more organically built cities of Muscovy's neighbors. As for why Moscow is so uniform in its architecture, it was one of the last wooden cities on the continent, until the Great Fire of 1910. The city was finally rebuilt in concrete, granite, mica and steel, and built entirely according to Dimitri Sakharov's plans.
9. Well, Polish and Lithuanian, obviously. There's some outlying districts that use other languages, but the federal government only accepts two.
10. The capital of "England" has been Paris since 1500, you know. It would really make more sense to call the place France - the only reason the name "England" stuck around was that the English industrialized first. The island may have been producing 70% of the nation's GDP back in 1840, but really, the Brits are living in the past - they've been being economically carried by the French since at least the '40s.