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Chapter Twenty-Two: The War Reaches Its End
Chapter XXII: The War Reaches Its End


Throughout most of the Red War it had always been the communists who were perceived as the future victors. Thanks to their superior technology not even the mighty Austro-Italian Empire had stood a chance against the red menace. However, in the May of 1851 the Kingdom of Spain entered the Red War on the side of the Holy Roman Empire after the Papal States were invaded by the UIPR and with Spain came its dominion India which had one of the largest populations on Earth. Shortly On May 15th, 1851 Mexican Empire, a close ally of the Spanish, declared war on the Union of Workers’ Republics and just a few days later Mexican soldiers were arriving in Catalonia alongside their Spanish comrades to prepare to push into France. The United States of America had been in a constant state of debate ever since the Red War had began on what position should be taken on the events in Europe. King Charles I, who had been born in Prussia, became a strong advocate for war on the communists, as did the Centrist Party, however, the US president Zachary Taylor and his fellow Unionists in the senate and congress preferred to stay out of the deadly European conflict for an array of reasons. “We are the Kingdom of Liberty,” President Taylor argued. “We defend the rights of all men, regardless of their ethnicity. We give our people the right to represent themselves in the government. Why should we help one group of authoritarian regimes fight another group of authoritarian regimes?” As Taylor continued to be stubborn on the issue of joining the Red War a hand full of Unionist politicians would switch over to the Centrists and the Democrats while others would align with a new party called the Liberalists formed by the ex-Unionist Johnson Lincoln.


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Johnson Lincoln, the founder of the Liberalist Party.


Senator Lincoln thought that the United States was one day destined to become a global superpower whose ideals would be valued by the globe and saw the Red War as the perfect moment for the American eagle to spread out her wings and carry democracy and equality across the Atlantic Ocean over to Europe. The Liberalists were at first no more than a small party, however, after the war hero former vice president William Henry Harrison joined the party in quickly began to grow. Eventually the Unionist Party would come to make a compromise with the rest of the US government that the United States would support the HRE and her allies through supplies, funding, and volunteer forces, however, America would not officially go to war with France, Germany, and Italy. While many Centrists would have preferred going to war and the radical Liberalists were certainly not happy with the compromise made it was enough to satisfy most people in the government even if President Taylor’s popularity experienced a significant decrease. The Spanish and their allies on the western front would start their first push into France in the middle of May 1851 and soldiers would arrive at Perpignan on May 21st. The Battle of Perpignan was large and bloody, however, unlike the German minor states that had been wiped out by France there was a far smaller concentration of French soldiers in the city which also meant that there weren’t many MacMahon guns. The Spanish navy would sail around the city and land extra soldiers in the north of Perpignan resulting with the city being surrounded by the Spanish. Meanwhile Spanish and Mexican brownships would fly in the undefended sky above Perpignan and deploy bombs onto the French regiments below. Perpignan would be a battleground throughout the night of May 21st, 1851 and the city would remain a battleground until the French surrendered early the next day. With the fall of Perpignan the Spanish got their hands on a few MacMahon guns just as some soldiers occasionally had earlier in the war if they were ever lucky enough to defeat a regiment of communists armed with a MacMahon gun. The HRE had decided to not use the MacMahon for a number of reasons, ranging from overconfidence with their larger militaries and powerful air fleets to the belief that the MacMahons were too inhumane and that only a filthy commie would use such a device. However, the nonexistent amount of MacMahon guns in the ranks of the HRE and her allies (the group became known as the Allied Powers) would finally come to an end when General Juan de Zavala, who had commanded the Spanish in the Battle of Perpignan, suggested to Queen Isabella II of Spain that MacMahon guns be introduced to the Spanish military. The wonders the MacMahons did for the communists and the fear that the French would once again conquer Spain like they did in the Franco-German War would convince the queen to approve of constructing MacMahon guns. The first MacMahons would arrive in the hands of Spanish soldiers in early June 1851 and would be used for the first time in the Battle of Toulouse. As opposed to the battles closer to the Franco-Spanish border Toulouse had a far higher concentration of French soldiers and even a few brownships that were all commanded by Officer Maximilien Bazaine. The Battle of Toulouse would end with a Spanish victory and Bazaine had even been killed, however, casualties were extremely high on both sides thanks to the usage of MacMahon guns and by the end of the battle much of Toulouse was no more than a pile of rubble. The horrors of modern warfare had finally been revealed to the world. Out in the east Tsar Nicholas I of the Russian Empire would tour the city of Kaunas on July 6th, 1851 and was assassinated by a Polish nationalist. Two days after the shocking death of Nicholas I his son would be crowned Tsar Alexander II who would immediately take a negative stance on the Polish Confederacy, which he saw as the inspiration for the murder of his father.


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Tsar Alexander II of the Russian Empire.


Alexander II concluded that if the Confederacy were to survive then it would only cause more problems for Russia. Shortly after ascending to the throne Alexander II would declare war on the Polish Confederacy on July 17th, 1851. The Confederacy would quickly fall to the might of Russia and in early September Poland would collapse from disagreements amongst the numerous factions that made up the Confederacy. One faction in the city of Gdynia would convert to communism and called itself the Commune of Poland, which quickly became a close ally of Germany and the other communist states. The Commune would join the UWR in late September and began to invade the other Polish factions with help from Germany. On November 7th, 1851 the Polish Commune began to clash with the Russians which made Russia an official member of the Allied Powers. Shortly after Russia began to fight the communists their long-time ally Byzantium would join the Allied Powers as well and would send soldiers to Sicily and the frontline in northeastern Italy. After seeing the success of the Spanish Austria-Italy would start building its own MacMahon guns at would begin to use them in early December 1851. With its large airfleet the Austro-Italians would take off for Venice and with the MacMahons they reached the capital of the UIPR on December 19th, 1851. A bomb deployed by an Austro-Italian airship in the Battle of Venice would kill much of Italy’s government, including Giorgia Manin. Without a government, or at least one that cooperated, the UIPR began to descend into chaos and the Austro-Italians were easily capable of fighting through North Italy. Meanwhile the Russians would begin to build their own MacMahon guns and were successfully pushing through Poland. On January 3rd, 1852 the Russians would capture Gdynia and with the fall of their capital city the Commune of Poland surrendered. Armed with MacMahon guns the Austro-Italians and Russians would begin to push into Germany as they fought for Berlin. City after city would be destroyed in a battle that would leave the streets of Germany red. Without being at an advantage anymore the Germans would begin to lose and morale would decrease across the DPR. In western Germany several militias would rise up against their communist occupiers in the name of the Holy Roman Empire and the forces of Germany were split in two. Some German regiments would even become deserters and left what they saw as a doomed nation. In early March 1852 the Austro-Italians had conquered Halbe and were quickly approaching Berlin. Just a few days later the brownships of Austria-Italy could be spotted scouting the air above Berlin and the occasional bomb would even be deployed. Fearing for his life Robert Marx would evacuate Berlin on March 12th and found his way to Schwerin. Shortly after Marx had fled away from the approaching beast of war the Austro-Italian Empire would arrive at the gates of Berlin on March 28th, 1851. The fight for Berlin would quickly become trench warfare in the outskirts of the city and MacMahon guns were equipped to shoot to the other side of No Man’s Land. The Battle of Berlin would last for several days and thousands of lives were lost on both sides, however, after waiting long enough the Russians, who had been pushing for Berlin as well, finally reached the northeastern side of Berlin and began to push their way into the city. With most German soldiers fighting in the southern trenches against Austria-Italy the Russians had no trouble with infiltrating the center of Berlin. On April 3rd, 1852 the Russian Empire had captured Berlin, the heart of the German Populist Federal Republic, and the flag of Russia was raised over the buildings of Berlin. South of Germany the UIPR was continuing to suffer heavy losses against the Austro-Italian military and the Spanish had begun to use Corsica to attack both Sardinia and the western half of mainland Italy. After Genoa was captured by Spain on May 2nd, 1852 the demoralized and unstable remnants of the Italian government agreed that the effort to fight the Allied Powers was futile and decided to surrender to the Allies on May 5th. Without the need to fight in Italy more reinforcements were sent to fight in Germany and day after day the once-mighty German Populist Federal Republic lost its cities and with it thousands of men fighting against the invading Austro-Italians and Russians. On July 23rd, 1852 Schwerin fell to the combined forces of the Allied Powers and just prior to the occupation Robert Marx would flee into Denmark-Norway and became one of the most wanted men on Earth. Marx would spend the rest of his life constantly fleeing the world’s governments and the countless bounty hunters and mercenaries hired to find him and would eventually die peacefully in 1883 in Sunset City under the alias Charles O’Riley. With Marx out of the picture the demoralized and disintegrating German Populist Federal Republic would surrender to the Allied powers on August 3rd, 1852. The collapse of Germany signaled the end of the Union of Workers’ Republics remaining as the sole communist nation on the face of Earth. Despite the stubbornness of President Lamartine to surrender it would not be long until the French Socialist Republic would fall to the combined might of almost every great power in Europe and on November 25th, 1852 Paris finally fell to the forces of the Holy Roman Empire and with the capitulation of the French government which had been straining its forces fighting on two fronts for months finally surrendered. The Red War had finally ended and a violent chapter in the history of the world had come to a close. However, when the belligerents met in Vaduz the stage was sent for the next chapter to begin.
 
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The next chapter will be the Treaty of Vaduz and then I'll finally be done with the Red War! Anyway, hopefully everyone enjoyed the Red War! :)
 
Out of curiosity how are people enjoying this timeline thus far? I've personally lost a bit of interest in it since its earlier days, but still enjoy it. If people have suggestions or ideas I'd be more than happy to hear them.
 
Chapter Twenty-Three: The Treaty of Vaduz
Chapter XXIII: The Treaty of Vaduz


The Treaty of Vaduz is one of the most influential documents in world history and the redesign of Europe would define the next decades and set up for the next major conflict. The first conflicts of interest between the Allied Powers would arise over the redrawing of the borders of Prussia. Austria-Italy wanted to reform much of the German minor states into larger and less nations and wanted all of Prussia’s former land to remain within the HRE. Russia, on the other hand, demanded the annexation of Polish Confederacy. After all, it was the Russians who occupied the land and it was the Russians who fought for their lives through Poland. The Austro-Italians would protest Russia’s demands, however, in the end submitted to Russia, a nation that the HRE dare not anger when it occupied much of Northern Europe. Despite the Russian annexation of Poland the Austro-Italians were offered a bit of land surrounding Königsberg, which was accepted. What remained of Prussia would once again become a monarchy under heavy Austro-Italian military occupation. While the occupation was justified as a way to rebuild Prussia and to stomp out any remaining communist insurgents it was obvious that Austria-Italy’s true intent was to make themselves the supreme power of the Holy Roman Empire by weakening their only former competition, Prussia. The new leader of Prussia was another problem because all descendants of Frederick III had been killed by the communists. At first keeping Bismarck in power was considered, however, few wanted to create a republic in the center of Europe and Bismarck himself no longer wanted to lead Prussia, anyway. Bismarck suggested that one of the children of King Charles I of America, who was the son of the former Prussian king Frederick William III, become the new monarch of Prussia. While the Austro-Italians had initially wanted to place a Habsburg on the throne of Prussia a member of the Hohenzollern Dynasty, who was the descendant of a former Prussian monarch as well, would be more popular amongst the people of Prussia. Thus, the request for a monarch was sent to the United States where both Congress and Charles I approved and a few days after the Treaty of Vaduz was put into effect Charles’s youngest, child, Princess Alexandria, arrived in Berlin and was crowned Queen Alexandria I of Prussia at the young age of 16.


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Queen Alexandria I of Prussia.


The next region of Europe that was discussed in Vaduz was Italy where, just like in Prussia, the Allied Powers found themselves fighting amongst each other. The Kingdom of Spain wanted to recreate the Papal States, albeit larger than before, and wanted the rest of the UIPR to dissolve back into the numerous states that existed on the Italian Peninsula prior to the formation of the North Italian Confederation. The Austro-Italian Empire, on the other hand, had much different ideas for Italy. Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria-Italy wanted to unite the entire Italian Peninsula under the banner of his empire and become the man regarded as the unifier of Italy and his sister, Queen Maria I of Sicily, sided with him because she was promised that her kingdom would become the part of the Austro-Italian Empire that would rule Italy. After much debate the Spanish and Austro-Italians eventually came to a compromise: Austria-Italy, which had done the majority of fighting in Italy would annex most of the Italian Peninsula. This land would be integrated into the Kingdom of Sicily which would rename to the Kingdom of Italy. Spain would annex the island of Sardinia while the city of Rome and former land of the Republic of Genoa would become part of the reborn Papal States. While neither the Spanish or the Austro-Italians were very pleased with the end result of Italy there wasn’t really a better alternative compromise both nations simply had to accept the new Italian borders. Next the Allied Powers debated what would be the fate of France, which had threatened the monarchs of Europe twice within the last one hundred years. Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria-Italy believed that France was too dangerous united and proposed that France be partitioned into smaller nations. The Allied Powers agreed that France should be partitioned and the Spanish, who had mostly lost out in the partition of Italy, were satisfied by being granted a chunk of southern France. The rest of the French land was partitioned into the Duchy of Burgundy, the Duchy of Occitania, and the Duchy of Francia. Each of the new French nations had a Habsburg placed on their throne, just like what had happened to Brittany, Normandy, Alsace-Lorraine, and Corsica, several decades earlier. Ferdinand I’s next goal was to redesign the Holy Roman Empire and started out by ending the numerous German minor states. As a replacement Germany was divided between Hanover, Bavaria, and a new nation called the Confederation of the Rhineland and Swabia, or more commonly known as the Rhinish-Swabian Confederation.


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Flag of the Rhinish-Swabian Confederation.


Rhineland-Swabia would fall under the leadership of the monarchy of Wurttemberg and, just like Hanover and Bavaria, would be divided into smaller kingdoms as administrative divisions. After successfully dividing Germany Ferdinand I would reform the Holy Roman Empire by abolishing it and replacing with a new multinational union, the Roman Empire. Named after the ancient empire that the HRE had taken its name from the Roman Empire would continue to have the leader of Austria-Italy as its head of state just as the HRE had, however, the complex feudal system was thrown away for a far simpler one. Rome would have a senate located in Vienna where every member of the Empire would have representation and the monarch Rome would lead the senate. The system would also hopefully help expand the Empire as other nations could request to join the Empire. On December 12th, 1852 the Treaty of Vaduz was put into effect and the next day Ferdinand I was crowned Emperor Ferdinand I of the Roman Empire.


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Emperor Ferdinand I of Rome.


As the ink dried on the Treaty of Vaduz a new era had begun for both Europe and the world, one where Austria-Italy was the dominant power and peacekeeper. Throughout the next few decades the Austro-Italian Empire would try to maintain the peace it had built after the Red War and found itself becoming an enemy of Russia and Spain as a consequence. The era of Pax Austria-Italia had begun.


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Map of the World in 1852.
 
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Does anyone have any places they want the timeline to cover? The next chapter will be about the United States but I want to know if there's a specific place you want me to cover next.
 
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Chapter Twenty-Four: The Empires of Asia
Chapter XXIV: The Empires of Asia


When war was raging in Europe eastern Asia was trying to recover from the Chinese Imperialist War. Japan’s colonies on the Asian mainland were being rebuilt to look akin to the cities of the Japanese Archipelago and the people of Japan were encouraged to migrate to the colonies. Along with colonists samurai would travel to the colonies where they would become the colonial rulers that would try to suppress uprisings, which were very common. Regardless of the issues that plagued Japan for the most part the Empire was thriving and would even forcefully annex Korea in the short Korean War in the spring of 1853. On the other hand China was struggling to recover from its humiliating defeat and the people would start to resent their ruler, the Xianfeng Emperor. China was subject to plenty of insurrections and had become reliant on the Japanese for aid, which in turn asserted more Japanese control on the Chinese government. One faction that would rise to prominence was the God Worshipping Society, a group of Chinese Christians under the leadership of Hong Xiuquan, a man who claimed to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ. The God Worshipping Society was formed in 1843 and would spend the next few years converting people to Christianity. In the February of 1850 a local corps passed through several God Worshipping villages and threatened that they would kill the converts. In retaliation Feng Yushan called for an open revolt of the God Worshippers. The God Worshipper leaders would follow this advice and amassed a force of 10,000 to 30,000 people. After the Chinese Imperialist War the demoralized and disgruntled Chinese population was even more susceptible to conversion and membership of the God Worshipping Society rapidly increased. While conflicts between the Qing and God Worshippers were common the battle that would spark the Taiping Rebellion was the Jintian Uprising. On January 11th, 1851, which was also Hong Xiuquan birthday, the God Worshipping Society declared the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the God Worshippers rose up against the Qing Dynasty.


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Flag of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.


The Heavenly Kingdom was a theocratic absolute monarchy and Hong Xiuquan became the head of state and was crowned the Heavenly King.


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Heavenly King Hong Xiuquan of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.


After several days of combat the Heavenly Kingdom would emerge victorious in the Jintian Uprising and the rebels found themselves in control of several villages and some supplies. After hearing of the success of the Jintian Uprising several God Worshippers in other parts of China rose up in the name of the Heavenly Kingdom which started the Taiping Rebellion. The Qing Dynasty was completely incapable of fending for itself after the Chinese Imperialist War and quickly lost ground to the militia of hundreds of thousands of rebels. However, the Japanese Empire was suddenly swept into the Taiping Rebellion when a Taiping regiment raided Yunfu, a city in the Japanese colony of South China, on March 2nd, 1851. The Battle of Yunfu was violent and plenty of lives were lost on both sides, however, the Japanese defenders were unprepared for a fight and lost to the army of several hundreds pledging loyalty to the Heavenly Kingdom. The invasion of Japanese colonies was supported by Hong Xiuquan who saw the land as rightfully Chinese. Shogun Tokugawa Iesada was outraged by the attack and would deploy soldiers to South China and the northern Japanese colony of Manchuria to defend the colonies. With Japan’s entry into the Taiping Rebellion the former enemies of China and Japan, who had been fighting each other just a few years earlier, were now fighting side by side. Japanese soldiers arrived in several Chinese cities to mount a defense against the oncoming rebels in the middle of March 1851. On March 19th, 1853 a Taiping regiment isolated from the main forces invaded Nanjing, however, the Japanese and Chinese soldiers defended the city well and the regiment surrendered after a day of bloody combat. The remainder of 1853 was spent fighting in southern China to defeat the main force of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. On July 18th, 1853 Japan and China finally reached Kunming, the city that Hong Xiuquan and other important officials of the Heavenly Kingdom were residing in. The Japanese and Chinese forces first surrounded the city and then used cannons and brownships to bombard it. On several occasions the Japanese and Chinese would attempt to invade Kunming, however, a ridiculously large force of Taiping soldiers (some estimates claim that there were over 1,000 Taiping soldiers defending the city) made it extremely essentially impossible to enter Kunming and as the sun set on July 18th trenches were dug in the outskirts of the city. Days of of combat would pass without any significant advances on any side and the buildings on the outskirts of Kunming were shredded to rubble. The Taiping had initially hoped that reinforcements would eventually arrive from other cities and attack the Japanese and Chinese from behind, however, after over a week of combat it became clear that reinforcements would never arrive. On July 29th the Japanese and Chinese completely encircled Kunming and all of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom’s major officials were now trapped within a circle of gunfire, isolated from any possible help. On August 3rd, 1853 the Japanese and Chinese finally broke through the Taiping defenses and entered Kunming. As the Japanese and Chinese charged through the streets of Kunming Hong Xiuquan would retreat further into the interior of the city. Taiping commanders would call in soldiers to fight within the city, however, these regiments were taken from the trenches which allowed other Japanese and Chinese forces to advance and thus the Taiping defense of Kunming disintegrated. After a few hours the building Hong Xiuquan was hiding in was discovered and surrounded. The Japanese and Chinese offered Hong a peaceful surrender, however, he refused and instead grabbed a rifle and fired into the crowd of soldiers beneath him. The Japanese and Chinese fired back in retaliation and after a few seconds Hong Xiuquan was killed and collapsed to the ground. Without a head of state the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom disintegrated and the Taiping Rebellion was officially over. That being said former Taiping regiments still terrorized China as independent militias and would continue to be active for several years to come. China was left in ruins after the Taiping Rebellion and became reliant on Japan for reconstruction. However, after Japan fought alongside China in the Taiping Rebellion the opinion of the Japanese Empire was mostly popular and Japan was seen as an ally of China. In the September of 1853 China and Japan signed the Treaty of Nanjing which would give China economic aid from the Japanese to help with reconstruction and in return China would have to lower prices on goods exported to Japan and the two also entered a non-aggression pact. The new Sino-Japanese alliance was seen as a victory in both Japan and China alike, however, as time passed the Japanese would have to deal with the issue of their debt to the Russian Empire. Tsar Nicholas I had never been very demanding of the debt and permitted the Japanese to repay at a slow pace. However, Alexander II was more eager to gain all of the money as quickly as possible and claimed that Japan was stalling to repay Russia. In reality Japan had prioritized rebuilding its colonies and modernizing its military and couldn't repay Russia at the rate the tsar had hoped for. Instead the shogun simply insisted that the money was on its way, it would just take awhile. Tsar Alexander II was frustrated with the extremely low amount of money that Japan sent every year and in February 1855 announced that the Japanese Empire had five years to totally repay its debt or else Russia would take the money through force by going to war with Japan. With Alexander II’s announcement the Tokugawa clan was thrown into chaos and the shogun had to choose between halting the growth of Japan and war. In the end it was decided that Japan would put a hold on its modernization and decrease the amount of money it sent to China in order pay off its debt to Russia. The Japanese Empire had completely paid off its debt to Russia by 1859 and had averted a potential war, however, the relation between Japan and Russia was permanently strained and the Russo-Japanese Coalition was no more. West of Japan the Kingdom of India would start to expand in 1856 when it invaded some of its neighbors with assistance from Spain. What became known as the West Indian Wars lasted for another five years until India shared a border with Persia. After the end of the West Indian Wars King Francisco I had to face a problem that had been growing in India ever since it was conquered by the Spanish. The people of India wanted to be represented in their own government rather than be ruled over by a European who was ruled over by another European. Rallies for representation were common and Francisco I would eventually give in to the demands of his people on May 20th, 1863 by forming a democratically elected parliament for India. The parliament would be headed by a president who would suggest laws to the parliament and would later approve of them to wind up on the desk of the monarch, however, the president would be below the monarch, who was the official head of state. All Indians who were of European or native Indian descent would be born with the right to vote and run for a political office. Shortly after the establishment of democratic institutions several three significant political parties would form. The one that was supported by King Francisco I was the Royalist Party, which was conservative and wanted to maintain the king’s position as the dominant force in Indian politics. The strongest liberal faction was the Democratic Party, which wanted to give more power to the the parliament. While the Royalists and the Democrats were the two most powerful parties a third smaller party was the Free India Party, which was typically far-left and was built around pushing India towards freedom from the Spanish Empire. The first election for president was on May 30th, 1863 and the candidate of the Democratic Party, Kaba Gandhi, won.


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President Kaba Gandhi of India.


Gandhi would be a successful president by helping to improve the standard of living for native Indian communities and was re-elected in 1867. The new parliament of India would eventually be the inspiration for the Spanish democratic government. The 1850s were a time when Asia entered a new era of history, just as the rest of the world was. After the Taiping Rebellion Asia was mostly peaceful and was rapidly modernizing, however, Europe’s changes were slowly pushing the entire planet towards another war.
 
Chapter III: Dusk of a Dream


When the exiled Kingdom of Spain began to collapse in 1799 the Franco-German War had been raging on for seven years and despite the expectations of Europe the French revolutionaries were winning. One of the most vital factors to the surprising strength of France was Napoleon Bonaparte, the young tactician who had shocked the world by wiping the Kingdom of Spain out of Europe and was rewarded with control over a new revolutionary state to replace the exiled Spanish monarchy. However, Bonaparte was far more interested in defeating the Holy Roman Empire in the east rather than controlling Iberia and his vice president and brother, Giuseppe Bonaparte, was usually in control of the Spanish Republic. When Napoleon was in control of Spain he wasn’t nearly as authoritarian as Robespierre and allowed people to live their lives freely only really cracking down on the numerous juntas that claimed to be fighting for the Spanish crown. Thanks to Napoleon it seemed as though victory was close for France, however, on April 8th, 1799 disaster struck the French war effort in Madrid. Bonaparte was captured by a junta and executed shortly afterwards. Giuseppe became the new president of Spain and handled the chaos that rose out of Napoleon’s death well, however, the effects of Bonaparte’s death were much more significant on the eastern front. The German armies were now far more capable of pushing back France and by the July of 1799 the Holy Roman Empire had pushed France out of all of its member states excluding the Austrian colony of Belgium. Chaos emerged across France and the popularity of the Jacobins significantly decreased. In order to return to having an advantage in the Franco-German War President Robespierre demanded that Giuseppe Bonaparte send the majority of his soldiers north. Bonaparte was reluctant, but had no choice and Spain was left only about one eighth of its military by September. Those loyal to the King of Spain were quick to take advantage of the Republic’s weak position and began to revolt against Giuseppe. On October 5th, 1799 militias claiming to fight of the King of Spain rose up in Madrid and with little men to fight them off the capital of Spain fell and Giuseppe was forced to retreat south and established Murcia as the new capital of Spain. However, the president could not escape the royalists and on October 13th, 1799 another militia uprising would take over Murcia and this time Giuseppe was not so lucky. He and several of his fellow Frenchmen would be killed in a public execution resembling the ones the Jacobins had done to the aristocrats of France when establishing their control over the nation years earlier. Without a leader the Spanish Republic descended into chaos. In December Spain had fallen under complete control of the royalists and the royal family finally returned from South America to rule in Europe. By the end of January 1800 the French had been kicked out of Belgium which returned to Austria. Slaves in the French colony of Haiti would seize the opportunity of the government falling in Europe to overthrow their masters and declare the Empire of Haiti.


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Flag of the Empire of Haiti.


The Austrians pushed into France under the leadership of General Alexander, the Duke of Württemburg, who had studied the tactics of French leaders such as Napoleon and intended on using France’s very own strategies against them. Alexander would occupy the cities of Amiens, Reims, and Rouen by the end of Winter proving himself to be a valuable leader of the Austrian military.


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General Alexander of Austria.


Alexander would eventually surround Paris in May imprisoning Robespierre and other significant Jacobins. After many long days of conflict and bombardment Paris was occupied and France capitulated to the Holy Roman Empire. The belligerents of the Franco-German War met in Nantes to negotiate a treaty with the goal to eliminate the revolutionaries and prevent any similar movement from ever rising in Europe. Spain was returned land that France had annexed in the war, however, the unstable state was granted nothing else. The Germans would be the ones to gain far more France and the Holy Roman Empire used the treaty to severely weaken France and send it into their sphere of influence. France granted independence to Alsace-Lorraine, Normandy, Brittany, and Corsica, all of which also had to join the HRE. Austria would annex Monaco and Paris and partitioned the French colonial empire with Prussia excluding Guiana which would remain under control of France. A new Kingdom of France was created with the Emperor of Austria’s brother, Archduke Charles, becoming the new king of France.


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King Charles I of France.

As the ink dried on the Treaty of Nantes Europe was once again at peace, however, was far from recovery. In the post-war world a strong hatred between the people of Spain and France grew while the monarchs of the Holy Roman Empire were eager to expand their influence and transform the Empire into the ruling force of Europe. With the revolutionaries gone a new era had begun for Europe that issued in the new powers destined to rule the world.


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Map of the World in 1800.
This is a nice TL but has some plausibility issues; we an discuss further if you wish so
 
Chapter Twenty-Five: E Pluribus Unim
Chapter XXV: E Pluribus Unum


Zachary Taylor’s policy of isolationism during the Red War turned him into one of the most unpopular presidents in American history. His neutrality had allowed the Centrist Party to grow into one of the most prominent forces in politics and the mighty Unionist Party was divided in two after Johnson Lincoln created the Liberalist Party. Thus, it was no surprise when President Taylor failed to become the Unionist Party’s nominee for the 1852 presidential election and the popular governor of Cherokee, John Ross, was selected instead.


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John Ross.


Even with a popular candidate the Unionist Party didn't have a very good chance to win after Taylor and it seemed as though the Unionist hegemony over American politics was coming to an end. The Democratic Party chose Senator Robert E Lee of Virginia as their candidate and the Liberalists ran for the first time ever in an election with their founder, Johnson Lincoln, as their nominee. The Massachusetts representative (and grandson of former president John Adams) Charles Francis Adams became the Centrist Party’s candidate and he chose Senator George Buonaparte of Quebec to be his running mate. The Unionists failed to win over any states aside from a few Native American majority ones in the south and the rest of the US was the battleground of the Liberalists, Democrats, and Centrists. Lincoln became the most popular candidate in the Great Lakes region and the Democrats won over smaller states (like they typically did) and, thanks to Lee, Virginia also went Democratic. However, it was the Centrists who won the 1852 election by appealing to the northwestern states, interventionists, and moderates and Charles Francis Adams became the president of the United States in 1853.


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President Charles Francis Adams of the United States.


President Adams’ administration prioritized the colonization of the American northwest and with this colonization came several advancements. Communication between the contiguous states and New Zeelandia was still difficult and would remain an annoyance for several decades to come, however, Adams improved he brownship Pacific route by signing the Treaty of Honolulu, which allowed American aircraft to land in the Kingdom of Hawaii without having to pay much money and also allowed American brownship companies to build airports in Hawaii. The Treaty of Honolulu started a long history of Hawaiian-American cooperation and the commercial brownship industry in the Pacific prospered as a consequence.


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Naval brownship over a field in Zion circa 1887.


President Adams also spent his first term in office overseeing the construction of several telegraph lines that spanned across the United States in order to improve long distance communication. Charles Francis Adams was considered a successful president and was re-elected for a second term in 1856 along with Vice President Buonaparte. The second term of Adams was peaceful and was a continuation of the policies of his first and oversaw the statehood of Zion, Blackfoot, and Occidenia. However, when 1860 came around the people were eager for change and Johnson Lincoln and the Liberalist Party promised this change. George Buonaparte became the Centrist candidate after President Adams confirmed that he would not run for a third term while the Unionists nominated Senator Hannibal Hamlin of Maine and the Democratic Party nominated Governor Augustus Bradford of Maryland. Lincoln promised that he would grant equal suffrage to all American men, regardless of their ethnicity, something that President Boudinot had tried to achieve but failed thanks to the belief of many congressmen that such an action would be viewed as too radical. Johnson Lincoln also promised to strengthen American influence across the globe, one of the main reasons the Liberalist Party was created in the first place. Lincoln, who swayed over plenty of Unionists and even a few Democrats and Centrists during the campaign won the 1860 election and was inaugurated in 1861 alongside the new vice president, Jefferson Davis.


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The presidential inauguration of Johnson Lincoln in front of the Royal Curia of America, which was being constructed at the time.


Johnson Lincoln would keep his promise of granting equal suffrage to minorities and signed the Equal Suffrage Act on May 8th, 1861 which laid the framework for the 17th Amendment that President Lincoln also oversaw. The right to vote was celebrated by minorities across America, however, it also raised the question of when women would earn equal suffrage as well, a problem that would have to be dealt with later in history. For many, especially in the south, Lincoln was seen as far to radical which resulted with the formation of the National Conservative Party (NCP) by Senator James Hammond of South Carolina. The NCP would quickly spread across the United States with most of its new members being former Centrists who were opposed to the very progressive views of Lincoln. Despite the formation of a new party in retaliation to Lincoln he was still re-elected in 1864 with even more support than in 1860. Early on in Johnson Lincoln's first term he had to face a national crisis when the USS Clarksville was destroyed by the Persian navy on June 23rd, 1865 after accidentally moving too close to the coast of Persia. President Lincoln demanded an official apology from Persia and that the bodies of the victims on the Clarksville be returned to the United States, however, both demands were ignored and the shah simply ignored Lincoln saying that, “It was the crew of the Clarksville’s fault that their ship was sunk. If they were more competent they would have realized that they were too close to Persia and our navy was doing its job by defending its coast.” The shah later went on to state that America had no right to stick into Middle Eastern affairs and push Persia around. Many Americans demanded that war be declared to avenge the Clarksville (including Vice President Davis), however, President Lincoln chose to avoid a conflict for the time being and instead only increased American naval presence in the Indian Ocean. This should have marked the end of the Persian Gulf Crisis, however, tensions suddenly exploded again when the shah declared that any American ship that would enter the Persian Gulf would be considered too close to Persia and would be attacked by the Persian navy. The Gulf Ultimatum was declared in early July 1865 and was done in order to assure that America would keep its distance from Persia and not go to war, something that the shah believed the Americans were preparing for. However, rather than prevent a war the United States, especially the Liberalists and the Centrists, were outraged at Persia and demanded war. Even President Johnson Lincoln, who had averted war when the USS Clarksville was sunk, thought that the Gulf Ultimatum was unacceptable and sided with the rest of the Liberalist Party on the topic of war. With the only major American party disapproving of war being the Unionists war was inevitable and on July 17th, 1865 the Persian-American War, the first conflict the United States had fought in since the American Civil War, officially began.


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An American ship off of the coast of India circa 1865.


The first American naval landing in Persia was nearby the Persian-Indian border in late July under the leadership of William Harrison II, the grandson of the famous William Henry Harrison of the American Civil War and eventual vice president of the United States. Harrison’s forces eventually reached the Minab River where they set up defenses on its eastern banks to fire across the river at the oncoming Persians. The Persian regiments would make several attempts to cross the Minab, however, all attempts failed and the Americans held their ground. More Persian reinforcements arrived, however, so did American reinforcements and with them came American battleships that bombarded the coast of Persia. With the arrival of warships the Americans could quickly cross the Minab River and within the next few hours of combat the American flag was waving across Bandar Abbas. The city became America's most important base in Persia and was used as a port to deploy soldiers and equipment. After occupying Bandar Abbas General Harrison went on to invade the Persian coast and by the end of August he had conquered Bandar Khamir while American warships had bombarded the island of Qeshm into surrendering. Harrison began to progress westwards and slowly moved for Bandar Bushehr, however, the shah had begun to send more soldiers to the frontline to eliminate the American army. While the Persians failed to wipe out the Americans General Harrison’s forces were slowed down and by October they had been forced to resort to trench warfare. When news of the situation in Persia reached Washington DC President Lincoln suggested to General Harrison that the United States begin production of MacMahon guns. Some were opposed to the introduction of rapid firing weapons to the US military, however, the philosophy from the days of the Red War that a MacMahon was the inhumane weapon of a filthy radical had died with their usage by the Spanish and Austro-Italians. Instead MacMahon guns were seen as a necessary evil of modern warfare and a burden that any great empire must bear. Therefore, the suggestion was approved by General Harrison and MacMahon guns arrived in the hands of Americans in the trenches in early November 1865. With their new weapons the Americans could easily wipe out Persian soldiers and swept westward for Bandar Bushehr, which was under American occupation by the start of December. After just a few more weeks of combat the Americans had reached Spanish Mesopotamia and the Persians were cut off from their coastline on the gulf that shares their name. Most Persians had come to the conclusion that the war was lost and that further fighting would only doom their nation and on January 3rd, 1866 the shah accepted what is people already had and surrendered to the United States. The Persian delegates met with the Americans in Bandar Abbas to negotiate a treaty. The Americans agreed to keep the shah in power of Persia, however, the United States was otherwise free to put whatever it wanted in the peace treaty. The American delegates had initially wanted to turn occupied land in western Persia into an American puppet state, however, such a nation would be difficult to maintain and could easily declare itself independent at any moment. Instead West Persia became an American colony called Tabaristan, which Johnson Lincoln and several other prominent Americans hoped would eventually become a state within the Union. The United States also created the Republic of Loristan and the Republic of Azerbaijan as sovereign democratic nations allied with America. Persia was also forced to reduce its naval presence The Persians accepted the American demands and signed the Treaty of Bandar Abbas on January 10th, 1866. The Persian-American War proved that the United States was a great power and that it could fight across the globe with ease. President Lincoln became very popular after leading the United States to victory and was depicted as the liberator of the Lorish and Azeri people, however, he chose to not run for a third term in 1868 and the Liberalist Party nominated Senator Victor Russell of Massachusetts instead. Despite the immense popularity of the Liberalists at the time they just barely lost to the Centrist candidate George Buonaparte (partially because of a strong campaign by Buonaparte and a poor campaign by Russell) and Buonaparte was became the 13th president of the United States in 1869.


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President George Buonaparte of the United States.


President Buonaparte’s time in office was a peaceful period for America, however, it was cut short when Buonaparte died in 1873 and was replaced by his vice president, Lucius Robinson. President Robinson carried out what was supposed to be Buonaparte’s second term and was elected out of office in 1876 and was replaced by the Democrat Franklin von Zeppelin.


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President Franklin von Zeppelin of the United States.


The presidency of Zeppelin was a time of economic and technological growth for America and his two terms in office were peaceful. However, while America prospered during the late 19th Century Europe tried to adapt to the era of Pax Austria-Italia.
 
1852 and 1860 US Elections

Here's two maps of American elections. The first is of 1852 and the second is of 1860.


1852 US Election DER.png



Yellow: Charles Francis Adams-George Buonaparte (Centrist Party)

Blue: Robert E Lee-Augustus Bradford (Democratic Party)

Red: Johnson Lincoln-Samuel G Howe (Liberalist Party)

Green: John Ross-William B Campbell (Unionist Party)


1860 US Election DER.png



Red: Johnson Lincoln-Jefferson Davis (Liberalist Party)

Yellow: George Buonaparte-Lucius Robinson (Centrist Party)

Blue: Augustus Bradford-Benjamin Newell (Democratic Party)

Green: Hannibal Hamlin-Isaac Watie (Unionist Party)
 
Chapter Twenty-Six: Pax Austria-Italia
Chapter XXVI: Pax Austria-Italia


When the Treaty of Vaduz was signed the Austro-Italian Empire found itself in the position as the dominant power in Europe and its colonies had made it the dominant global power as well. As a consequence the burden of maintaining the post-Red War peace fell on Austria-Italy, which it tried to do through the Roman Empire. Even with the Austro-Italian Empire’s best attempt at stopping the rise of chaos in Europe the task proved to be nearly impossible because not only did the the Treaty of Vaduz create the Austro-Italian continental hegemony but it also turned Spain and Russia into powerful European nations that would rather not obey the will of Vienna and were strong enough to do so. The instability that eventually led to the First Great War had existed ever since the Treaty of Vaduz, however, it returned to global headlines once again in 1856. The Austro-Italian Empire had always wanted the nations carved out of France to join the Roman Empire and finally reunite the old Frankish Empire and end all wars in Western Europe. The Duchy of Burgundy’s monarch, Duchess Clementine I, was an Austrian and had grown up in Austria thus convincing her to join the Roman Empire was easy and did so on January 22nd, 1856. Despite not being born in Austria (or any German state for that matter) Grand Duke Clovis V of Francia supported the Austro-Italian mission for European unity and as a result the Duchy of Francia joined the Roman Empire on March 2nd, 1856. The sudden expansion of Austro-Italian influence into France unsettled Queen Isabella II of Spain who had hoped that the French duchies would enter the Spanish sphere of influence. The Spanish scrambled to forge ties with Occitania and got eventually got the Occitanians to sign a nonaggression pact and a trading agreement with Spain called the Cervera Documents (they were named after Bastille Cervera, one of the most prominent constructors of the agreements) in the early April of 1856. The Cervera Documents made it obvious that Spain was trying to compete with Austria-Italy and that it was inevitable that the two nations’ visions ambitions for power would pit them against each other. In the east the Russian Empire, the nation that was regarded as the Allied Powers’ key to success in the Red War, had grown to contest Austria-Italy as well. The tensions between the Russians and Austro-Italians began, just like much of the tension in Europe in the late 19th Century, at the Treaty of Vaduz. Austria-Italy had wanted to recreate a Prussia with borders identical to the ones prior to the Red War, however, the Russian Empire had demanded the annexation of Poland and the Russians won out in the end. In the years since the Red War tensions between Russia and Austria-Italy had died down, however, their opinion of each other still wasn't very favorable and they saw each other as rivals. As a result it was no surprise when Russia, Spain, Byzantium, and Occitania created the Quadruple Alliance in the October of 1859 in which if any member was attacked by the Roman Empire their allies would come to their aid. The Austro-Italian Empire was caught off guard by the declaration of the Quadruple Alliance, which suddenly ended the absolute unquestioned dominance of Vienna across Europe. However, Pax Austria-Italia still held strong and the only real retaliation against Russia and Spain was an increased military presence on the borders that the Quadruple Alliance and Roman Empire shared and the integration of Switzerland into Rome in early 1860. Once the Austro-Italian Empire entered the 1860s Emperor Ferdinand I addressed a growing issue in Austria-Italy; the issue of secessionist groups. While the rapid growth of the Austro-Italian Empire in the 19th Century could have been enough for another empire to face problems in its newly acquired territory Austria-Italy’s expansion had unified the Italian people under one nation and the Kingdom of Italy held as much power in the Austro-Italian Empire as Austria thus rebellions were uncommon in North Italy. Instead the secessionist movements that plagued Austria-Italy arose from land that had been controlled by Austria far longer than the Austro-Italian Empire had even existed, such as Hungary and Galicia. As a solution to the problem the Kingdom of Austria reformed itself into the Kingdom of Greater Austria on May 14th, 1861.


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Flag of the Kingdom of Greater Austria.


Greater Austria was divided into grand duchies, each of which would be represented by two democratically elected representatives (any man twenty-five years of age or older could vote) in Greater Austria’s new legislative branch, the Royal Council.


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The Royal Parliament Building, the headquarters of the Royal Council, in Vienna circa 1900.


The Royal Council could propose bills that could become laws by being passed by two-thirds of the Council, signed by the representative who had proposed the bill in the first place, and would then have to be granted a royal assent by the king of Greater Austria. Within the next few decades it became clear that the Royal Council wasn't a permanent solution to the issue of secessionist groups in Austria-Italy, however, it did temporarily halt their growth and kept the Austro-Italian Empire stable for the time being. Austria-Italy was not the only European nation to undergo reforms in the late 19th Century. In the early 1860s Spain’s dominion, the Kingdom of India, had become a constitutional monarchy and after the new Indian government proved to be a success many liberals in Spain pushed for similar reforms. Amedeo Figueras, who had spent several years of his life living in the Spanish Viceroyalty of La Plata, became a leading figure of the movement to democratize Spain. Unlike most Spanish republicans, who chose to maintain the status quo with the American viceroyalties with them always being subservient to Madrid, Figueras believed that the Americans were just as Spanish as those in Europe and therefore should have equal representation in any democratic Spanish government. In the November of 1864 Figueras created the Democratic Party, which rapidly gained popularity in South America. Political parties were not illegal in Spain, however, without any democratic government in Spain parties served as little more than a way for people with similar political views make themselves heard and thus parties were very uncommon. However, the message of the Democrats and the determination of Figueras to actually change the Spanish government rather than just have his party be a temporary club allowed the Democratic Party to flourish and by 1866 it was estimated that over 60% of the population of Spanish America was either a member of or supported the Democratic Party. By 1867 there were rallies in the streets of Lima calling for the abolition of the viceroyalties and chants of “poder para el espanol” in Madrid. Amedeo Figueras had become a national celebrity and it became clear to Queen Isabella II that reforms would have to be made to the Spanish government or else the people would make their own reforms and overthrow the monarchy. Thus in the August of 1867 Figueras and several other major members of the Democratic Party were invited to negotiate with the queen to reform the Spanish government. Figueras proposed that the role of the democratic government be the same as it was in India which would allow the monarchy to still serve as the official head of state. The new Spanish legislative branch itself was heavily modeled after the congress of one of Spain's closest allies, the United States of America. The Spanish parliament was divided into the senate, which consisted of two representatives from each of Spain’s new provinces, and the House of Representatives, whose representatives for a province would vary based on the population of said province. As for the provinces themselves Spain was completely partitioned to accommodate for the representation of several groups in Spain, such as the Catalans. The former American viceroyalties, which has populations that rivaled Spain, were also partitioned as well. The so-called “Figueras Reformation” went into effect on August 23rd, 1867 and the Kingdom of Spain was replaced with the Imperial Federation of Spain.


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Flag of the Imperial Federation of Spain.


The fall of 1867 saw several elections to fill in the seats in the parliament with the vast majority going to the Democratic Party and on November 25th, 1867 Amedeo Figueras became the first president of Spain.


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President Amedeo Figueras of the Imperial Federation of Spain.


One of the first actions of Figueras as president was to establish an African colony for the Imperial Federation and selected Africa, one of the last regions in Africa to not yet be colonized by any European nation. However, within the 1860s the region had been slowly decreasing in size as other European empires annexed parts of it. In 1866 the Irish Kongo was expanded to share a border with Prussian Ostafrika and just a few months prior to the declaration of the Imperial Federation the Austro-Italian Empire slightly extended the border of its colony, Chad. What was left of Central Africa was declared the Viceroyalty of Guinea on March 2nd, 1868 and just a few days later Spanish ships arrived in Guinea to assert their control over the new colony. The 1860s were a time when Europeans had to adapt to Pax Austria-Italia and as a consequence the political landscape was permanently altered. New threats were emerging to break the uneasy continental peace created during the Treaty of Vaduz and even as the turbulent politics of the 1850s and 1860s died down it was clear that it would be no easy task to prevent another devastating war.
 
Chapter Twenty-Seven: The Mexican Eagle
Chapter XXVII: The Mexican Eagle


The United States of America had to overcome the challenges of its civil war in the early 19th Century, however, the first half of the 1800s had been far kinder to America’s neighbor to the south, Mexico. The Mexican Empire had started off with the old territory of the Viceroyalty of New Spain and therefore was the largest nation in the New World (the United States had not yet annexed Canada) on the day of its independence. Once the United Kingdom collapsed in the Irish War the then young Mexican Empire ceased an assortment of British colonies with its greatest prize being Australia. However, as the decades flew by and Mexico stayed quiet on the world stage politics were changing in the Mexican parliament. The large population of Mexico had began to become frustrated with the unrivaled strength of the emperor and turned to the liberal Imperial Party and the co-called “radical” Eterian Party, which supported the reformation of the Mexican monarchy into something akin to those in the United States and Byzantium. The conservative Magellanist Party weakening day by day and the decline was only made worse when Emperor Miguel I died in 1867 and was succeeded by his sister, Empress Isabella I.


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Empress Isabella I of the Mexican Empire.


As one of the few female rulers of her time Isabella’s very coronation was rare and, for the ultra-conservative faction of the Magallenist Party who would have rather seen a man inherit the throne, a bold progressive political statement. While the new ruler of Mexico wasn't too much of a concern and angered no one aside from the sexist ultra-conservatives Isabella’s political views had far more important consequences on not just Mexican history, but global history as well. The Empress had seen what had happened in Spain and believed that the push towards democracy was inevitable for Mexico, where a progressive republican movement had already gained traction. Thus, Empress Isabella I just sat and watched as the Eterian Party grew and in the 1869 parliamentary election the Imperial Party usurped the Magellanists as the dominant party and the Eterians became the second most powerful group in Mexican politics. After the 1869 election MP Benito Juarez, who led the Eterian Party resigned and was replaced by the young Francisco Diaz, a popular politician who promised technological advancement, new social welfare systems, and (just like his predecessor) a reformed democratic Mexican government. While Empress Isabella I had previously tried to remain abstained from politics she quickly expressed her positive opinion of Diaz, whose policies aligned with her own, and the two often met each other which only caused the Eterian Party to grow even more. As the five years until the next parliamentary election ticked away the Magellanist Party continued to descend into irrelevance, however, the failure of the Imperial Party to make significant changes to Mexican society caused the Eterians to be the group to grow. That being said, there were some noteworthy improvements in Imperial-controlled Mexico, such as the increased urbanization of Australia and the Philippines and major improvements in public air transportation similar to the advancement made by American President Charles Francis Adams a few years earlier. Despite the progress made by the Imperial Party over a five-year span it was no surprise when the Eterian Party won the majority of seats in the parliamentary election on January 25th, 1874 and Francisco Diaz found himself in the position as the de facto leader of the Mexican legislative branch. With Empress Isabella I willing to rewrite the Mexican constitution and the Imperials and Magellanists too weak to protest Diaz and the rest of the Eterians were free to finally to accomplish their goal for decades, the reformation of the Mexican Empire into a constitutional monarchy alike the United States and Byzantium. In the February of 1874 the Eterian-dominated parliament voted for constitutional reforms and afterwards a meeting between the parliament and Empress was called to write the new constitution. Obviously the constitution was reformed into a constitutional monarchy and the Empress was restricted to the position of national diplomat. Diaz also proposed that the Mexican Empire reform into a federation like the United States so that each region in Mexico would be represented and have a local government. Diaz also suggested that the reserves become provinces just like the rest of Mexico to prevent one region from becoming too powerful and while there was initial hesitation from the government of the reserves they were eventually won over and accepted the federalization of Mexico. After all, the reserves, would still be autonomous, they would just be as autonomous as any other region of Mexico. Empress Isabella accepted the new constitution entrusting the people of the Mexican Empire to govern themselves and Mexico was officially reformed into a constitutional monarchy on March 7th, 1874. The first ever election for president of Mexico, the now executive official of the entire government, was held within the same month as the so-called Diaz Reformation and the Eterians and Imperials fought for the presidency through a brief campaign. The Magellanist Party also participated in the election, however, with a very weak support base the Magellanists stood no chance against the Eterians and Imperials. The Imperial Party nominated Pablo de Tejada, however, he stood no chance against the obvious nominee for the Eterian Party, Francisco Diaz, the charismatic champion of the Mexican people and the symbol of progress. When Mexicans went to the polls on March 29th, 1874 Diaz won by an impressive landslide and just a few days after his victory was inaugurated in front of a crowd of millions in Mexico City and became the first president of the Mexican Empire.


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President Francisco Diaz of the Mexican Empire.


Immediately after taking office Diaz would oversee the transition of Mexico from a strict absolute monarchy to a democratic federation through encouraging the Mexican people to vote for their representatives in Mexico’s newly-formed provinces. The transition to democracy went well and by the end of his first year in office all new positions in the reformed Mexican legislative branch had been filled, mostly by Imperials and Eterians to Diaz’s pleasure. President Diaz was also quick to fill up his cabinet with scientists, turning the Mexican Empire into a de facto technocracy of sorts, at least when it came to the executive branch. This was done in order to rapidly modernize Mexico into a technological titan on the world stage and and a beacon of unrivaled scientific progress. Under the guidance of his technocratic cabinet Diaz introduced new technology to Mexico, such as the MacMahon gun, the infamous weapon that, for better or worse, had revolutionized warfare in Europe. Diaz also continued where he left off as leader of the Mexican parliament by continuing progress on the Mexican brownship system. The improvement in Mexican air transportation led to a three-way alliance between Mexico, Hawaii, and the United States when, in order to strengthen air routes, the Pacific Alliance was formed in 1875 as a way for the three nations to be able to land brownships on each other’s Pacific territory. While the Pacific Alliance may have started out as a way to merely make brownship transportation in the Pacific Ocean easier it resulted in bringing the three members closer together politically as well. With the inauguration of American President Franklin Von Zeppelin in 1877 the Mexican, Hawaiian, and American governments sat down yet again to reduce trade barriers within the Pacific Alliance. The 1877 Pacific Summit also transformed the Pacific Alliance into a non-aggression pact, solidifying peace between two of the most powerful nations in the Western Hemisphere. As a consequence of increasingly strong relations with the United States President Diaz signed a non-aggression pact with the Imperial Federation of Spain on March 9th, 1876. This alliance solidified Mexico’s position in the era of Pax Austria-Italia as an ally of the Quadruple Alliance and enemy to the status quo maintained by the mighty Austro-Italian Empire. Within just four years President Francisco Diaz had turned the Mexican Empire into a center of technological progress with a high standard of living and a satisfying position on the global stage. As a consequence Diaz was incredibly popular and won his second term in 1878 with ease, however, the next four years were far less glorious for Diaz. In 1879 a group of Eterians opposed to Diaz’s technocratic policies splintered off and formed the National Liberal Party under the leadership of the young senator from Jalisco, Bernardo Reyes. While the Eterian Party may have been broken President Diaz still tried to enforce his new infrastructure policies, such as the Trans-Imperial Railway, which spanned from the growing city of Santa Joseph at the Mexican-American border to Heredia in the far southern reaches of Mexico. Perhaps the greatest focus of Diaz’s second term in office was his attempt at finding a way to keep scientists in the executive cabinet long after his presidency would be over. At first this started off as funding propaganda in support of technocracy, however, over time Diaz focused attention on contributing to improving Mexican universities in order to increase public knowledge on science. President Diaz’s funding of Mexican scientific foundations were greater than anything Mexico had ever seen before and even exceeded the education programs put in place by Emperor Joseph I in the early days of his reign. The campaign was successful and while Francisco Diaz did not run for a third term his successor was Auguste Barreda, an Eterian and technocratic member of Diaz’s cabinet, who became the second president of Mexico in 1882.


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President Gabino Barreda.


President Gabino Barreda continued his predecessor’s technocratic policy of maintaining a cabinet of scientists, a policy carried on by future Mexican presidents that became an unspoken rule of the executive branch of Mexico. Even the National Liberal Party, which had been formed in opposition to technocracy, eventually submitted to keeping scientists in the Mexican government and could not deny the prosperity that technocracy had brought to Mexico and chose to disagree with the Eterian Party on other issues, such as the foreign policy of Mexico, with the National Liberals supporting neutrality in opposition to the increasingly interventionist ideals of the Eterians. Barrenda successfully won a second term in 1890 and Mexican democracy continued to function long after his departure from office. For the Mexican Empire was an emerging titan in the west and as the peace and security offered by Pax Austria-Italia began to unravel and the great European powers inched closer and closer to yet another war it became clear that the west would not sit the next fight for the fate of the planet out.
 
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