Cultures that could've been.

Sometime back I was reading a thread here about nations that could've existed with the right POD, so I started this thread on cultures, languages etc that could've existed or not at all or may have survived to our times, eg no Frankish invasion may lead to a surviving gallo-roman culture or another Germanic group could've invaded leading a different looking France.
 
Interesting, but this really doesn't need to be ASB. It can easily go to before 1900's instead.
 
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