During the Cultural Revolution in China there arose a number of factions who argued that the CR wasn't going far enough, and that the primary contradiction in Chinese society was between the party-state and the masses. Rather than just criticising "reactionary ideas" and "bad cadres", as the Maoists argues, the
ultra-leftists argued that the Cultural Revolution needed to give way to a political revolution against the party-state. Examples of ultra-leftists include the
Shanghai People's Commune, which Mao initially supported until they started questioning the political authority of his allies, whereupon it was replaced with a
Revolutionary Committee subordinate to Mao and his allies, and the
Shengwulian Manifesto written by
Xiaokai Yang in 1968, who Mao personally denounced as counter-revolutionary in 1969.
Ultimately these ultra-leftist tendencies were denounced by Mao and the CPC as counter-revolutionary and anarchistic in nature. Later, after Mao's death, the CPC would go on to denounce Mao as an ultra-leftist in 1978.
The challenge is this: Get the ultra-leftists to successfully escalate the Cultural Revolution into a political revolution, resulting in a China based on radical democratic and libertarian socialism.