Chronology: Reconstruction of the Roman Empire under the Carolingian dynasty
- Thread starter Mario
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The Byzantines should have assumed that Rome would do so by their own will (relations between them were good at that point), but now they feel betrayed. This will be a focus of conflict between both Empires in the upcoming years...
Decade of 1030s
1030: The Byzantines expand their Syrian borders to the south, while the Egyptians keep on retreating up to Palestine.
1031: The Ayyumite Caliphate adopt the official name of Caliphate of the Andalus, and declares war to the Emirate of Tunis.
1032: After several failed negotiations, the Byzantines try to recover the control over the duchy of Epirus, but the Roman Empire defeat their armies in the shore of Lake Prespa.
1033: The Danes of Britain complete the conquest of Wales. The Norwegians arrive in Terranova for the first time.
1034: The Turkish Empire seizes huge parts of Mesopotamia from the Arab Caliphate of Baghdad. The Kingdom of Munster suffers a severe defeat in Cork against the Danes.
1035: The Caliphate of the Andalus declares war to Galicia for the control of Conimbriga; Asturias supports Galicia this time, but both kingdoms are severely defeated by the Saracens.
1036: Iceland acquires status of Duchy inside the Norwegian crown, and gains control over the Faeroe islands and Greenland.
1037: The Byzantines finally acknowledge Roman suzerainty in Epirus in exchange of military help against Bulgaria in the Balkans.
1038: Death of Henry the Hunter: several Norwegian noblemen ally again to depose his son Gerhard from the throne.
1039: The Pagan Prussians invade some parts of the Roman Pomerelia. The Norwegians arrive in Vinland (Valley of the St. Lawrence) for the first time.
1030: The Byzantines expand their Syrian borders to the south, while the Egyptians keep on retreating up to Palestine.
1031: The Ayyumite Caliphate adopt the official name of Caliphate of the Andalus, and declares war to the Emirate of Tunis.
1032: After several failed negotiations, the Byzantines try to recover the control over the duchy of Epirus, but the Roman Empire defeat their armies in the shore of Lake Prespa.
1033: The Danes of Britain complete the conquest of Wales. The Norwegians arrive in Terranova for the first time.
1034: The Turkish Empire seizes huge parts of Mesopotamia from the Arab Caliphate of Baghdad. The Kingdom of Munster suffers a severe defeat in Cork against the Danes.
1035: The Caliphate of the Andalus declares war to Galicia for the control of Conimbriga; Asturias supports Galicia this time, but both kingdoms are severely defeated by the Saracens.
1036: Iceland acquires status of Duchy inside the Norwegian crown, and gains control over the Faeroe islands and Greenland.
1037: The Byzantines finally acknowledge Roman suzerainty in Epirus in exchange of military help against Bulgaria in the Balkans.
1038: Death of Henry the Hunter: several Norwegian noblemen ally again to depose his son Gerhard from the throne.
1039: The Pagan Prussians invade some parts of the Roman Pomerelia. The Norwegians arrive in Vinland (Valley of the St. Lawrence) for the first time.
Decade of 1040s
1040: King Gerhard of Norway begs his cousin Manfred, the Emperor of Rome, to intervene in the Kingdom of Norway for supporting him against their rivals.
1041: Christian Uprising in Alexandria: the Sultanate of Egypt manages to crush the rebellion, but they are obliged to relocate more forces from the Palestinian border, enabling further Byzantine advances there.
1042: Considering the high risk of Andalusian invasion, Galicia and Asturias seek the military support of Rome, which will cause that both kingdoms would become vassal entities of the Empire.
1043: Treaty of Anslo: Gerhard of Norway moves the Norwegian court from Nidaros (Trondheim) to the new city of Anslo (Oslo) and concedes a form of shared sovereignty of the three duchies south of Anslo (Halland, Zealand and Scania) to the Romans, in order to ensure permanent Roman military assistance from the lands close to the new capital.
1044: The Caliphate of the Andalus conquers most of the ancient region of Numidia, wiping all Tunisian influence out of the area.
1045: The Byzantines finally crush the Kingdom of Bulgaria and conquer the country. In the East, they also reach the region of Galilea after defeating the Egyptians in the Golan Heights.
1046: The Turks advance into central Mesopotamia and besiege Baghdad. The Danes of Ireland complete the conquest of all the Ulster.
1047: The Norwegian alliance against Gerhard attacks the city of Anslo, but the Romans manage to repeal the attack. After this event, Norway is divided de facto: a Roman protectorate in the south and a land controlled by the rivals of Gerhard in the north.
1048: Fall of Baghdad: end of the Arab Caliphate. The Turks move their Imperial capital from Meru to Baghdad; in the Muslim Asia, only western Arabia avoids their dominion with the rise of the independent Emirate of Medina.
1049: Concerned about the increasing Roman dominion over Norway, the British Danes declare their support to the rivals of Gerhard, triggering a total war in the North Sea.
1040: King Gerhard of Norway begs his cousin Manfred, the Emperor of Rome, to intervene in the Kingdom of Norway for supporting him against their rivals.
1041: Christian Uprising in Alexandria: the Sultanate of Egypt manages to crush the rebellion, but they are obliged to relocate more forces from the Palestinian border, enabling further Byzantine advances there.
1042: Considering the high risk of Andalusian invasion, Galicia and Asturias seek the military support of Rome, which will cause that both kingdoms would become vassal entities of the Empire.
1043: Treaty of Anslo: Gerhard of Norway moves the Norwegian court from Nidaros (Trondheim) to the new city of Anslo (Oslo) and concedes a form of shared sovereignty of the three duchies south of Anslo (Halland, Zealand and Scania) to the Romans, in order to ensure permanent Roman military assistance from the lands close to the new capital.
1044: The Caliphate of the Andalus conquers most of the ancient region of Numidia, wiping all Tunisian influence out of the area.
1045: The Byzantines finally crush the Kingdom of Bulgaria and conquer the country. In the East, they also reach the region of Galilea after defeating the Egyptians in the Golan Heights.
1046: The Turks advance into central Mesopotamia and besiege Baghdad. The Danes of Ireland complete the conquest of all the Ulster.
1047: The Norwegian alliance against Gerhard attacks the city of Anslo, but the Romans manage to repeal the attack. After this event, Norway is divided de facto: a Roman protectorate in the south and a land controlled by the rivals of Gerhard in the north.
1048: Fall of Baghdad: end of the Arab Caliphate. The Turks move their Imperial capital from Meru to Baghdad; in the Muslim Asia, only western Arabia avoids their dominion with the rise of the independent Emirate of Medina.
1049: Concerned about the increasing Roman dominion over Norway, the British Danes declare their support to the rivals of Gerhard, triggering a total war in the North Sea.
Decade of 1050s
1050: The British Danes try to invade Jutland from the sea, but they are repealed by the Romans. The rivals of King Gerhard take full control over Rogaland.
1051: The Danes of Ireland launch a large-scale invasion of the neighbouring Kingdom of Munster, but only succeed partially, as Cork remains untouched.
1052: A new Serbian uprising in the Byzantine (southern) Serbia starts a new era of Byzantine struggling to control their Balkan borders.
1053: Death of Emperor Manfred. His son Manfred II is crowned Emperor in Milan.
1054: The Turkish Empire seizes the Eastern half of Byzantine Armenia, in a continued advance towards Anatolia.
1055: The Emirate of Cirene gains independence from the Sultanate of Egypt, which also suffers a great defeat in the south, fighting against Nubian rebels in Dongola.
1056: A Roman-Galician alliance defeats a large Andalusian army in Conimbriga: the Kingdom of Galicia recovers the control over the area while the Romans advance southwards, up to the nearby of Lisbon.
1057: Edict of Genoa: the Roman Church is definitely subdued to the Imperial authority and all his members considered Imperial officers. The Pope in Rome is symbolically recognized as 'the first of the Patriarchs' but not conceded an effective status higher than other Patriarchs, in order to do not upset the Byzantine Church.
1058: The Romans expel several Danish expeditions from Frisia and Normandy. The Byzantines conquer the city of Palmyra.
1059: Death of the King Gerhard without heirs: the southern Norwegian duchies (Zealand, Scania and Halland) are formally annexed to Rome, while the rest of the Kingdom is placed, de jure, under the sovereignty of Ferdinand of Jutland, a Roman-Jutish noblemen who will act as a Roman puppet in Anslo.
1050: The British Danes try to invade Jutland from the sea, but they are repealed by the Romans. The rivals of King Gerhard take full control over Rogaland.
1051: The Danes of Ireland launch a large-scale invasion of the neighbouring Kingdom of Munster, but only succeed partially, as Cork remains untouched.
1052: A new Serbian uprising in the Byzantine (southern) Serbia starts a new era of Byzantine struggling to control their Balkan borders.
1053: Death of Emperor Manfred. His son Manfred II is crowned Emperor in Milan.
1054: The Turkish Empire seizes the Eastern half of Byzantine Armenia, in a continued advance towards Anatolia.
1055: The Emirate of Cirene gains independence from the Sultanate of Egypt, which also suffers a great defeat in the south, fighting against Nubian rebels in Dongola.
1056: A Roman-Galician alliance defeats a large Andalusian army in Conimbriga: the Kingdom of Galicia recovers the control over the area while the Romans advance southwards, up to the nearby of Lisbon.
1057: Edict of Genoa: the Roman Church is definitely subdued to the Imperial authority and all his members considered Imperial officers. The Pope in Rome is symbolically recognized as 'the first of the Patriarchs' but not conceded an effective status higher than other Patriarchs, in order to do not upset the Byzantine Church.
1058: The Romans expel several Danish expeditions from Frisia and Normandy. The Byzantines conquer the city of Palmyra.
1059: Death of the King Gerhard without heirs: the southern Norwegian duchies (Zealand, Scania and Halland) are formally annexed to Rome, while the rest of the Kingdom is placed, de jure, under the sovereignty of Ferdinand of Jutland, a Roman-Jutish noblemen who will act as a Roman puppet in Anslo.
Recap of the (Western) Roman Emperors after the Carolingian restoration:
800-814 Charles I (Charlemagne)
814-835 Pepin I
835-858 Bernard I
858-874 Bernard II
874-902 Bernard III
902-920 Robert I
920-943 Robert II
943-982 Frederick I
982-1028 Frederick II
1028-1053 Manfred I
1053-.... Manfred II
800-814 Charles I (Charlemagne)
814-835 Pepin I
835-858 Bernard I
858-874 Bernard II
874-902 Bernard III
902-920 Robert I
920-943 Robert II
943-982 Frederick I
982-1028 Frederick II
1028-1053 Manfred I
1053-.... Manfred II
Some of the names should be more "spread out", IMO. Whenever I look into various dynasties, it seems like more often than not someone will inherit their royal name from a grandfather or other ancestor, instead of directly from their father. So you would see Bernard, Robert, Bernard, Frederick, Manfred, Robert, Manfred, etc. instead of having them lumped together. Obviously there were exceptions, though, and a different tradition could have arisen here.
Decade of 1060s
1060: Roman armies conquer the city of Lisbon and restore the old Gothic duchy of Lusitania, under Roman sovereignty.
1061: The Roman-Norwegian navy takes control over the Danish-British isle of Wight. The Danes counter-attack in the Flemish coast.
1062: After new negotiations between Rome and Byzantium, Rome accepts to return the control of the island of Corfú to Byzantine sovereignty.
1063: The Pagan Kingdom of Lithuania takes control over most of Prussia. The Caliphate of the Andalus retreat from the valley of the river Tajo in Spain, in order to establish a more stable fortified border in the mountains of Sierra Morena.
1064: Norway asserts its control over the Orkney islands, which are merged with the Shetlands in a same crown dependency. The Romans conquer the old Gothic capital of Toledo, following the Andalusian retreat to the south.
1065: The Byzantines defeat the Turks in Syria, halting their advance into the Levant. However, the Turks succeed in raiding many Byzantine areas in eastern Anatolia.
1066: Norway opens its Northern routes to Iceland, Greenland and northeastern America to the Roman merchants, whalers and explorers. The Archbishop of Milan considers the idea of sending missionaries to the 'peoples of the Far North' (= Inuit and Native Americans of Labrador).
1067: The Danes fail to recover its control over the isle of Wight, while the Norwegian navy blocks the mouth of the river Thames.
1068: Roman missionaries perform a massive Christian baptism in the Lesser Poland, opening the path to the Roman influence in the area.
1069: Death of Emperor Manfred II. His son Robert III is crowned new Emperor in Milan.
1060: Roman armies conquer the city of Lisbon and restore the old Gothic duchy of Lusitania, under Roman sovereignty.
1061: The Roman-Norwegian navy takes control over the Danish-British isle of Wight. The Danes counter-attack in the Flemish coast.
1062: After new negotiations between Rome and Byzantium, Rome accepts to return the control of the island of Corfú to Byzantine sovereignty.
1063: The Pagan Kingdom of Lithuania takes control over most of Prussia. The Caliphate of the Andalus retreat from the valley of the river Tajo in Spain, in order to establish a more stable fortified border in the mountains of Sierra Morena.
1064: Norway asserts its control over the Orkney islands, which are merged with the Shetlands in a same crown dependency. The Romans conquer the old Gothic capital of Toledo, following the Andalusian retreat to the south.
1065: The Byzantines defeat the Turks in Syria, halting their advance into the Levant. However, the Turks succeed in raiding many Byzantine areas in eastern Anatolia.
1066: Norway opens its Northern routes to Iceland, Greenland and northeastern America to the Roman merchants, whalers and explorers. The Archbishop of Milan considers the idea of sending missionaries to the 'peoples of the Far North' (= Inuit and Native Americans of Labrador).
1067: The Danes fail to recover its control over the isle of Wight, while the Norwegian navy blocks the mouth of the river Thames.
1068: Roman missionaries perform a massive Christian baptism in the Lesser Poland, opening the path to the Roman influence in the area.
1069: Death of Emperor Manfred II. His son Robert III is crowned new Emperor in Milan.
Decade of 1070s
1070: New Christian uprising in Egypt: with Byzantine aid, the Christians of Gaza establish their own principality, but after three years of fighting, they are subdued by the Egyptians again.
1071: The Turks siege the city of Ankyra, but an outbreak of pest oblige them to retreat to the East. The Byzantines conquer the city of Hebron, in Palestine.
1072: Taking advantage of the illness of King Eric the Longhead, Robert III plans a massive unload of Roman-Norwegian armies in the southern shores of Wessex, with the assistance of the forces previously established in the isle of Wight.
1073: Roman conquest of Wessex: most of the Danes flee to their strongholds in Mercia, leaving the way to London pretty cleared for the Roman-Norwegian alliance.
1074: The Norwegians start the invasion of Northumbria. The principality of Wales regain its independence from the Danes.
1075: Siege and fall of London: the Romans achieve the full dominance of southern Britain. The first Roman-Norwegian expedition arrives in Terranova and establishes a missionary center in the northern shore, named Ferdinand's City (Ferdinandstadt).
1076: The Turks expand to Yemen, threatening the existence of the Emirate of Medina. The Sultanante of Egypt allies with Medina against the Turks.
1077: The rival faction of the Norwegian King Ferdinand is finally defeated in the battle of Bergen: the Kingdom of Norway is unified and pacified.
1078: The first Roman-Norwegian permanent settlement in Markland (Labrador) is built and named New Anslo (Neuanslo); this would serve as a missionary center, fishing spot and merchant destination.
1079: Fearing a final Roman attack against Mercia, many Danish-British families decide to flee to neighbouring Ireland, which is then fully divided in two parts: Danish Ireland (Ulster and Leinster) and the Brittonic Kingdom of Munster (including Connacht).
1070: New Christian uprising in Egypt: with Byzantine aid, the Christians of Gaza establish their own principality, but after three years of fighting, they are subdued by the Egyptians again.
1071: The Turks siege the city of Ankyra, but an outbreak of pest oblige them to retreat to the East. The Byzantines conquer the city of Hebron, in Palestine.
1072: Taking advantage of the illness of King Eric the Longhead, Robert III plans a massive unload of Roman-Norwegian armies in the southern shores of Wessex, with the assistance of the forces previously established in the isle of Wight.
1073: Roman conquest of Wessex: most of the Danes flee to their strongholds in Mercia, leaving the way to London pretty cleared for the Roman-Norwegian alliance.
1074: The Norwegians start the invasion of Northumbria. The principality of Wales regain its independence from the Danes.
1075: Siege and fall of London: the Romans achieve the full dominance of southern Britain. The first Roman-Norwegian expedition arrives in Terranova and establishes a missionary center in the northern shore, named Ferdinand's City (Ferdinandstadt).
1076: The Turks expand to Yemen, threatening the existence of the Emirate of Medina. The Sultanante of Egypt allies with Medina against the Turks.
1077: The rival faction of the Norwegian King Ferdinand is finally defeated in the battle of Bergen: the Kingdom of Norway is unified and pacified.
1078: The first Roman-Norwegian permanent settlement in Markland (Labrador) is built and named New Anslo (Neuanslo); this would serve as a missionary center, fishing spot and merchant destination.
1079: Fearing a final Roman attack against Mercia, many Danish-British families decide to flee to neighbouring Ireland, which is then fully divided in two parts: Danish Ireland (Ulster and Leinster) and the Brittonic Kingdom of Munster (including Connacht).
Not that soon
Naturally, is a plausible but not definitive horizon. But I always wondered how a Medieval unified Europe could look.
Just a question about the cultural situation of the empire: What is the official language? I've read that one of the kings put a germanic dialect as a language of administration, but is latin still a prestigious language?
Official languages are both Latin and a Germanic 'lingua franca'.
The problem in such scenario is that Latin, despite being a prestigious language and also the language used by the Church, is not useful as an administrative or commercial language, as long as the elites, the aristocracy, the merchants... are far more Germanized than IOTL; and the vulgar Romance dialects have not properly coalesced in relevant alternate Romance languages like OTL French or Castilian-Spanish.
Interesting...i am interested to see how the cultural and linguistic situation of the empire can evolve, specially during a ALT- late middle ages and Renaissance
Decade of 1080s
1080: The Byzantines are defeated by the Turks in Cappadocia, opening Central Anatolia to periodic Turkish raids.
1081: Following the conversion of the chiefs of Cracow, the Roman duchy of the Lesser Poland is officially established. Prussia, Masuria and Masovia remain as buffer disputed territories with the rising (Pagan) Kingdom of Lithuania.
1082: Final campaign of the Romans in Mercia: the last strongholds of the Danes in Britain are conquered. The Norwegians continue their expansion by northern Northumbria and Caledonia.
1083: Establishment of the eight Roman duchies in Britain: Cornwall, Wessex, Kent, East England, West England, Mercia, Southumbria and Northumbria (the part not controlled by Norway).
1084: After the death without male heirs of King García III the Blind in Asturias, this kingdom is officially absorbed by the Roman Empire, after decades of strong vassalization.
1085: Successful Byzantine expedition to Alexandria for supporting the Christian rebels: the Sultanate loses effective control over the Delta of the Nile.
1086: The Roman duchy of Lusitania gains control over the southwestern Iberian peninsula, reaching the cape of Saint Vincent.
1087: The Roman-Norwegian settlement in Terra Nova is expanded to the southern shores, while the local Native American tribes are severly hit by an epidemic of smallpox, thus depopulating the island.
1088: Norway completes the conquest of Caledonia: Britain is definitely divided in two parts, a Norwegian lesser part in the North and a Roman greater part in the South. Wales and Cumbria keep their independence.
1089: The Turkish Empire incorporates all the Yemen to its dominion, leaving the weak Emirate of Medina as the only entity in Arabia out of its control.
1080: The Byzantines are defeated by the Turks in Cappadocia, opening Central Anatolia to periodic Turkish raids.
1081: Following the conversion of the chiefs of Cracow, the Roman duchy of the Lesser Poland is officially established. Prussia, Masuria and Masovia remain as buffer disputed territories with the rising (Pagan) Kingdom of Lithuania.
1082: Final campaign of the Romans in Mercia: the last strongholds of the Danes in Britain are conquered. The Norwegians continue their expansion by northern Northumbria and Caledonia.
1083: Establishment of the eight Roman duchies in Britain: Cornwall, Wessex, Kent, East England, West England, Mercia, Southumbria and Northumbria (the part not controlled by Norway).
1084: After the death without male heirs of King García III the Blind in Asturias, this kingdom is officially absorbed by the Roman Empire, after decades of strong vassalization.
1085: Successful Byzantine expedition to Alexandria for supporting the Christian rebels: the Sultanate loses effective control over the Delta of the Nile.
1086: The Roman duchy of Lusitania gains control over the southwestern Iberian peninsula, reaching the cape of Saint Vincent.
1087: The Roman-Norwegian settlement in Terra Nova is expanded to the southern shores, while the local Native American tribes are severly hit by an epidemic of smallpox, thus depopulating the island.
1088: Norway completes the conquest of Caledonia: Britain is definitely divided in two parts, a Norwegian lesser part in the North and a Roman greater part in the South. Wales and Cumbria keep their independence.
1089: The Turkish Empire incorporates all the Yemen to its dominion, leaving the weak Emirate of Medina as the only entity in Arabia out of its control.
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Decade of 1090s
1090: The Principality of Wales takes control of the isle of Man, after a massive retreat of the Danes to the Kingdom of the Danish Ireland.
1091: The Byzantines launch a successful offensive for expelling the Egyptians from Palestine. In the other hand, they lose control over southern Serbia after another defeat against the Slavic rebels in the nearby of Nis.
1092: Olaf, King of Sweden embraces the Christianism and adopts this faith as the only official in his realm.
1093: The Romans help the Byzantines to crush the Serbian rebels in the battle of Monastir. However, Constantinople is unable to recover the control over the area of Nis.
1094: The Turks expell the Magyars from the Dniepr valley after a decisive victory in the battle of Kumya. However, they fail again in their attempt to conquer the Crimean peninsula.
1095: After four centuries and one half, the Byzantine Empire recovers the control of the holy city of Jerusalem.
1096: The Roman-Norwegian colony of Terra Nova completes its dominion over all the island after subdueing the last tribe in the western area, severely weakened by the epidemic of smallpox.
1097: The Turkish Empire conquers the holy city of Mecca and besiege the city of Medina. Meanwhile, the Byzantines complete the conquest of Gaza, connecting the Delta of the Nile to the Byzantine Levant.
1098: Death of the Emperor Robert III. His son Charles II is crowned new Emperor in Milan, while the new Byzantine Emperor, Basil V, is crowned for the first time in Jerusalem.
1099: The Turks destroy the Emirate of Medina and achieve the full control of the whole Arabian peninsula, thus unifying all the Islamic territories with the exception of the African ones.
1090: The Principality of Wales takes control of the isle of Man, after a massive retreat of the Danes to the Kingdom of the Danish Ireland.
1091: The Byzantines launch a successful offensive for expelling the Egyptians from Palestine. In the other hand, they lose control over southern Serbia after another defeat against the Slavic rebels in the nearby of Nis.
1092: Olaf, King of Sweden embraces the Christianism and adopts this faith as the only official in his realm.
1093: The Romans help the Byzantines to crush the Serbian rebels in the battle of Monastir. However, Constantinople is unable to recover the control over the area of Nis.
1094: The Turks expell the Magyars from the Dniepr valley after a decisive victory in the battle of Kumya. However, they fail again in their attempt to conquer the Crimean peninsula.
1095: After four centuries and one half, the Byzantine Empire recovers the control of the holy city of Jerusalem.
1096: The Roman-Norwegian colony of Terra Nova completes its dominion over all the island after subdueing the last tribe in the western area, severely weakened by the epidemic of smallpox.
1097: The Turkish Empire conquers the holy city of Mecca and besiege the city of Medina. Meanwhile, the Byzantines complete the conquest of Gaza, connecting the Delta of the Nile to the Byzantine Levant.
1098: Death of the Emperor Robert III. His son Charles II is crowned new Emperor in Milan, while the new Byzantine Emperor, Basil V, is crowned for the first time in Jerusalem.
1099: The Turks destroy the Emirate of Medina and achieve the full control of the whole Arabian peninsula, thus unifying all the Islamic territories with the exception of the African ones.