The price of peace: The New York Peace Conference and the Entente’s position.
Although an uneasy peace had fallen across the world there was still no guarantee that it would last. As the various powers jockeyed and positioned for influence ahead of the New York Peace Talks there was furious discussion about bottom lines, priority positions and other demands. The following is an attempt to construct a brief analysis of the negotiating position, demands and delegations of the Entente nations and the Soviet Union.
Molotov was actually fluent in two languages: Russian and clapping at whatever Stalin said.
Soviet Union:
The Soviet’s main priority was to secure a border as far west as possible to serve as a buffer to German aggression and to see the return of the breakway central Asian Republics. It’s not that they were particularly valuable (with the exception of Kyrgyzstan's substantial mineral reserves.) But Stalin wanted to nip ‘national fascism’ in the bud and saw the return of Soviet territory as a bottom line.
Stalin’s secondary tier priorities was to prevent the Blood and Iron line from continuing and also to maintain the Soviet position on Manchuria - gaining recognition for the legal independence of the People’s Republic of Manchuria if possible.
Low Soviet priorities included securing a corridor to India through either Iran or Afghanistan and getting formal recognition of the People’s Republic of India’s rights over the rest of the Indian continent.
Leading the Soviet delegation was Stalin’s right-hand man and long time Old Bolshevik Vyacheslav Molotov. Although Molotov was not fluent in any tongue besides Russian, this was used as a negotiation tactic by Molotov as he asked the translator to repeat the translation to stall for time to give him time to think.
In addition, Molotov was well liked by the Entente as he had led efforts and coordination with them during the war.
Bottom lines: Return of all Soviet territory. Moving the Soviet border as Westwards as possible.
Secondary priorities: Prevent the Blood and Iron line from continuing. Recognition of the Manchurian People’s Republic and Soviet interests. Maintenance of the Soviet position in the Balkans.
Low priorities: Indian corridor. Formal recognition of PRI’s rights. Soviet Hegemony over the balkans.
United Kingdom:
Of all the Great Powers, the United Kingdom had perhaps lost the most in the conflict - with discontent in her empire, the loss of much of India (the Jewel of the crown), the loss of Burma and the loss of much of men across her Empire was keenly felt. Rebellion and discontent was also spreading it’s way to the colonies with a growing insurgency and peaceful resistance. Perhaps this was why Prime Minister Eden decided to attend the conference personally, by going personally, Eden was hoping to leverage his personal charm and shared cultural legacy with the Americans into favourable concessions.
Bottom lines: Peace. The preservation of the remaining colonies.
Secondary priorities: Return of Burma. Recognition of the Dominion of India’s claims to the rest of India.
Low priorities: Limiting Axis gains as much as possible. Freeing the Netherlands, Czecheslovakia and the Scandinavian countries from Axis occupation.
France:
In comparison to her British ally, France had not lost as much. Although half of Indochina had been lost, the core of Metropolitan France had been secured - at the great cost of another generation of young men. The divided French government instructed French Foreign Minister Joseph Paul-Boncour to make peace urgently with the only bottom line being the integrity of Metropolitan France. If possible, Paul-Boncour would see French interests in Indochina secured and the Netherlands, Scandinavia and Czechoslovakia freed but these were fairly low priorities compared to peace.
Bottom lines: Peace. No Metropolitan part of France to be handed over to the boches.
Secondary priorities: Recognition of French interests in Indochina.
Low priorities: Liberation of German occupied territory.
Japan:
Japan arrived at the peace conference relatively happy with her gains in the war. She’d managed to seize the riches of the Dutch East Indies with the complicity of her Entente allies. Although, she had lost her interests in Manchuria and her Chinese concessions, Japan had actually gained territory during the war. Japan was determined to hang onto these gains, get Manchuria back if possible and contain the Chinese and the Soviets.
Japan’s man on the ground at the conference was Foreign Minister Kichisaburo Nomura who was the former ambassador to the US. Speaking fluent English, Nomura would attempt to gain the favour of the US mediators during the conference.
Bottom lines: Recognition of new status quo on the Japanese East Indies.
Secondary priorities: Return of Manchuria concessions and Chinese concessions.
Low priorities: Limit the gains of the Chinese and the Soviets.