Chiang Kai-Shek goes to Germany: An Axis China Timeline

The Generalissimo and the Widow
The Vulture - Cheers :) Things are going really well thanks. We've both dropped the L-bomb on each other and I couldn't imagine life being better. I haven't decided to do with Thailand yet - I'm probably going to have them go Japanese - if only for balance reasons :)

Hendryk - Thanks Hendryk - correction made.

tallwingedgoat - I'm sure the fraternal comrades and brothers and sisters in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics will be happy to allow material and commerce to flow from the peace-loving people's of Germany and China as they struggle against the unfair death lock of the Capitalist powers...

Geekhis Khan - Thanks Geekhis :) I'm surprised by how well I'm doing to be honest! But there's no way I should be allowed to win. Your TL is several light years ahead of mine both in the quality of the writing and the research (You have a freaking opera in yours!!!)

Nivek - Thanks Nivek - If anything the racism and "White Policy" in Australia and New Zealand is even stronger in this TL thanks to a stronger more hostile China. The tiger might not fly in China but what about a condor? Hmm - there's no reason for the Nazi to make another movie about Chiang - especially now that Chinese and German relations are in a bit of a low.

Wyragen-TXRG4P - Thanks. Without giving too much away the Chinese will send aid and metrial to both sides.

The Vulture - And portugal will be pushed. Very hard.

Wyragen-TXRG4P - Daqing will be discovered soon enough, And it's discovery will lead to - how shall we say - interesting times.

_____________________________________________________________

The Generalissimo and the Widow

The Generalissimo sat calmly yet rather stiffly. The posture reflecting the man's inner thoughts. Calm yet panicked. Secure yet so fragile. So powerful and yet so weak. Images flashed before him - crawling in the mud, shrapnel tearing into his right thigh - on his wedding night, lying drunk sprawled in the bathroom, weeping, fits of hysteric alcohol soaked tears staining his elegant white shirt.

Attempting to flash an easy smile the Generalissimo looks up at the Widow:

"The Wife tells me you've decided to run against me?"

The Widow nods curtly.

"I'm sure that the Diplomat's charm and wit will be enough for you and his faction to win."

The Widow flashes the briefest of smiles before replying:

"Oh, yes, yes I'm sure - but personally I like the look of his party machine too. Actually - let's cut the charade - you and I know that Wang controls the Kuomintang."

The Generalissimo winces but proceeds:

"Ah yes my dear - but I think you're forgetting that power ultimately grows out of the barrel of a gun. Besides - do you really think that the common people will vote for a woman like you?"

"If she's the wife of the Dearly Beloved Sun Yat-sen they might. They will. That's what we're banking on at any rate."


"Good luck then, be careful though - I've been hearing a few rumours about you and -"

The Widow laughs - no cackles, the hair on the Generalissimo's skin stand out.

"I wouldn't go there if I were you Chiang. I'm sure a lot of people might remember a few things here and there about your wedding ni-

"ENOUGH!"

The Generalissimo's fist smashes hard on the table, a dark brown colour built from the finest baltic timber - it vibrates slightly but it stays. The white gloved fist of the Generalissimo contrasting with the dark wood. Face impassive the Generalissimo maintains his stance - as if daring the Widow to laugh.

The Widow cackles again.

The Generalissimo and the Prophet:

To conquer the command of the air means victory; to be beaten in the air means defeat and acceptance of whatever terms the enemy may be pleased to impose.
- Giulio Douhet, Command of the Air

215px-Giulio_Douhet.jpg


- The High Prophet of Air Power

Any discussion about the Chinese Air Force would be imcomplete without discussing at lenght the works of Giulio Douhet. His influence on the development of Chinese Air Power in the early 20th century marks him as not only as a prophet but as a practical minded man as comfortable with the hard graft of moulding a new air force as with grand, lofty, abstract theorizing. His ability to meld the practical and the theoretical marks him out to be one of history's most astounding military theorists.

Giulio Douhet started life in an obscure little city in Italy. His childhood was a pleasant - if unconventional one. He drifted without much aim or purpose until he found outlet in the military arts - being assigned to the General Staff at the beginning of the century. He was a far-sighted and innovative officer - giving lectures on mechanization and air power long before they were recognized. Alas - he was in a conservative regime and found himself jailed in 1915. Although he was released in 1917 and assigned to be the First Commissioner of Italian Aviation he found himself loathing the army and it's hidebound bureacracies. After the Great War ended - Giulio Douhet - like so many bored impetous men went looking for adventure in China. Like the German Gunther Pluschow, Giulio would soon find himself training many tens of thousands of young Chinese to be fliers. Unlike Gunther Pluschow - Giulio was a philosopher and a prophet. He wrote and published "Command of the Air" in 1923 arguing for the need of a nation to have a fleet of "Strato-Airship Bombers" that could fly so high that they could not be intercepted that would drop "bombs of fire and death" that would ultimately be so terrible that the enemy civilian population would revolt and sue for peace.

In Europe - the conservative hide bound militaries may have dismissed Giulio as either a quack, a deluded soul or brain damaged. In China - Chiang found in him a prophet. (The fact that Chiang also waves millions of Yuan into a project to train dolphins to attack submarines using sonic waves is irrelevant to this) Although there was yet no money available for Airships - there would soon be. Napoleon once said that when China awoke the world would tremble - he had no idea how true his words would eventually proves thanks to Giulio Douhet...

The Generalissimo and the Englishman:

It was no secret that the Generalissimo hated the English. They had gassed him just as the war was about to draw a close and he hated them for that. He hated them for their hypocrisy and their arrogance.

It was odd then to have an Englishman to be right next to the Generalissimo as they stood on the balcony silently watching the parade. The load and impressive roar of engines revebrating across Nanking. Rows and rows of neatly lined tanks filed past. Rows and rows of neatly lined trucks filed past now - filled with rows and rows of neatly lined men in grey hard helmets with grey, hard faces facing to the Generalissimo. The day turned into night and finally the long columns filled past one last time. The Generalissimo turned to the Englishman and said:

"I hope you are pleased with your children?"

Turning bright red with either awe, embarrasment or a frightful mixture of both the Englishman replied:

"Your Excellency, they have grown up so quickly I no longer recognize them."

_________________________________________________________

Thank you all very much for your kind comment and feedback and your votes in the Turtledoves :)

Apologies for the lack of updates as of late - I'll try to get one weekly but that's hard to maintain with the girlfriend, uni and party work.

Comments and feedback actively solicited and appreciated :)
 

Hendryk

Banned
"I wouldn't go there if I were you Chiang. I'm sure a lot of people might remember a few things here and there about your wedding ni-

"ENOUGH!"
This is another one of those minor nitpicks of mine: Qingling should call him Meixu (妹婿), the normal term of address for the husband of one's younger sister. The Chinese, of course, have a different term of address for the husband of one's older sister, whose rank in the family hierarchy is slightly higher.

Relatives in a Chinese family will hardly ever call each other by their names, but by their positions relative to each other (just as in Western families it's uncommon to address one's parents by their names).
 
This is another one of those minor nitpicks of mine: Qingling should call him Meixu (妹婿), the normal term of address for the husband of one's younger sister. The Chinese, of course, have a different term of address for the husband of one's older sister, whose rank in the family hierarchy is slightly higher.

Relatives in a Chinese family will hardly ever call each other by their names, but by their positions relative to each other (just as in Western families it's uncommon to address one's parents by their names).

Cool thanks for that :) You're helping me make this better for V2.
 
Woah... I'm juggling two timelines with whatever you just mentioned except for (2), (3) and a minor modification to (1)(high school or Singapore's equivalent to it).

Anyways... Looking forward to the next update and hoping that it doesn't get eaten up by AH.com :D

All the best for your exams, whenever they may be.

Hehe - singapore aye? You shouldn't have time for AH.COm at all with that kind of education system! Plus you have two TL's!

I actually ended up saving this one's TL (I followed your copy and paste technique)

Exams are next week :) I'm feeling surprisingly confident and secure. But that may be the girlfriend effect talking.
 
The Vulture - Cheers :) Things are going really well thanks. We've both dropped the L-bomb on each other and I couldn't imagine life being better. I haven't decided to do with Thailand yet - I'm probably going to have them go Japanese - if only for balance reasons :)

Hendryk - Thanks Hendryk - correction made.

tallwingedgoat - I'm sure the fraternal comrades and brothers and sisters in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics will be happy to allow material and commerce to flow from the peace-loving people's of Germany and China as they struggle against the unfair death lock of the Capitalist powers...

Geekhis Khan - Thanks Geekhis :) I'm surprised by how well I'm doing to be honest! But there's no way I should be allowed to win. Your TL is several light years ahead of mine both in the quality of the writing and the research (You have a freaking opera in yours!!!)

Nivek - Thanks Nivek - If anything the racism and "White Policy" in Australia and New Zealand is even stronger in this TL thanks to a stronger more hostile China. The tiger might not fly in China but what about a condor? Hmm - there's no reason for the Nazi to make another movie about Chiang - especially now that Chinese and German relations are in a bit of a low.

Wyragen-TXRG4P - Thanks. Without giving too much away the Chinese will send aid and metrial to both sides.

The Vulture - And portugal will be pushed. Very hard.

Wyragen-TXRG4P - Daqing will be discovered soon enough, And it's discovery will lead to - how shall we say - interesting times.

_____________________________________________________________

The Generalissimo and the Widow

The Generalissimo sat calmly yet rather stiffly. The posture reflecting the man's inner thoughts. Calm yet panicked. Secure yet so fragile. So powerful and yet so weak. Images flashed before him - crawling in the mud, shrapnel tearing into his right thigh - on his wedding night, lying drunk sprawled in the bathroom, weeping, fits of hysteric alcohol soaked tears staining his elegant white shirt.

Attempting to flash an easy smile the Generalissimo looks up at the Widow:

"The Wife tells me you've decided to run against me?"

The Widow nods curtly.

"I'm sure that the Diplomat's charm and wit will be enough for you and his faction to win."

The Widow flashes the briefest of smiles before replying:

"Oh, yes, yes I'm sure - but personally I like the look of his party machine too. Actually - let's cut the charade - you and I know that Wang controls the Kuomintang."

The Generalissimo winces but proceeds:

"Ah yes my dear - but I think you're forgetting that power ultimately grows out of the barrel of a gun. Besides - do you really think that the common people will vote for a woman like you?"

"If she's the wife of the Dearly Beloved Sun Yat-sen they might. They will. That's what we're banking on at any rate."


"Good luck then, be careful though - I've been hearing a few rumours about you and -"

The Widow laughs - no cackles, the hair on the Generalissimo's skin stand out.

"I wouldn't go there if I were you Chiang. I'm sure a lot of people might remember a few things here and there about your wedding ni-

"ENOUGH!"

The Generalissimo's fist smashes hard on the table, a dark brown colour built from the finest baltic timber - it vibrates slightly but it stays. The white gloved fist of the Generalissimo contrasting with the dark wood. Face impassive the Generalissimo maintains his stance - as if daring the Widow to laugh.

The Widow cackles again.

The Generalissimo and the Prophet:

To conquer the command of the air means victory; to be beaten in the air means defeat and acceptance of whatever terms the enemy may be pleased to impose.
- Giulio Douhet, Command of the Air

215px-Giulio_Douhet.jpg


- The High Prophet of Air Power

Any discussion about the Chinese Air Force would be imcomplete without discussing at lenght the works of Giulio Douhet. His influence on the development of Chinese Air Power in the early 20th century marks him as not only as a prophet but as a practical minded man as comfortable with the hard graft of moulding a new air force as with grand, lofty, abstract theorizing. His ability to meld the practical and the theoretical marks him out to be one of history's most astounding military theorists.

Giulio Douhet started life in an obscure little city in Italy. His childhood was a pleasant - if unconventional one. He drifted without much aim or purpose until he found outlet in the military arts - being assigned to the General Staff at the beginning of the century. He was a far-sighted and innovative officer - giving lectures on mechanization and air power long before they were recognized. Alas - he was in a conservative regime and found himself jailed in 1915. Although he was released in 1917 and assigned to be the First Commissioner of Italian Aviation he found himself loathing the army and it's hidebound bureacracies. After the Great War ended - Giulio Douhet - like so many bored impetous men went looking for adventure in China. Like the German Gunther Pluschow, Giulio would soon find himself training many tens of thousands of young Chinese to be fliers. Unlike Gunther Pluschow - Giulio was a philosopher and a prophet. He wrote and published "Command of the Air" in 1923 arguing for the need of a nation to have a fleet of "Strato-Airship Bombers" that could fly so high that they could not be intercepted that would drop "bombs of fire and death" that would ultimately be so terrible that the enemy civilian population would revolt and sue for peace.

In Europe - the conservative hide bound militaries may have dismissed Giulio as either a quack, a deluded soul or brain damaged. In China - Chiang found in him a prophet. (The fact that Chiang also waves millions of Yuan into a project to train dolphins to attack submarines using sonic waves is irrelevant to this) Although there was yet no money available for Airships - there would soon be. Napoleon once said that when China awoke the world would tremble - he had no idea how true his words would eventually proves thanks to Giulio Douhet...

The Generalissimo and the Englishman:

It was no secret that the Generalissimo hated the English. They had gassed him just as the war was about to draw a close and he hated them for that. He hated them for their hypocrisy and their arrogance.

It was odd then to have an Englishman to be right next to the Generalissimo as they stood on the balcony silently watching the parade. The load and impressive roar of engines revebrating across Nanking. Rows and rows of neatly lined tanks filed past. Rows and rows of neatly lined trucks filed past now - filled with rows and rows of neatly lined men in grey hard helmets with grey, hard faces facing to the Generalissimo. The day turned into night and finally the long columns filled past one last time. The Generalissimo turned to the Englishman and said:

"I hope you are pleased with your children?"

Turning bright red with either awe, embarrasment or a frightful mixture of both the Englishman replied:

"Your Excellency, they have grown up so quickly I no longer recognize them."

_________________________________________________________

Thank you all very much for your kind comment and feedback and your votes in the Turtledoves :)

Apologies for the lack of updates as of late - I'll try to get one weekly but that's hard to maintain with the girlfriend, uni and party work.

Comments and feedback actively solicited and appreciated :)

Well, thanks for the answer, about the politics of ANZAC who have to know more than anyone because you're a Kiwie(still than term is good for refer to New Zelanders??) and about the Condor... maybe we will have Hans-Ulrich Rudel like the leading condor???

well about the Update:

1. Well, the inter-family relationship always are very interesting(specially in family with a lot of power in history/moment) and this is not the expection... and yes Qingling being the widow of the 'father of modern China' can easily pull a good quantity of votes specially in the not-opinion vote... but that is another political history. but again i hope Chiang will start to like his very 'political' extend family....(unlike his BFF who was a full-time politican with no family,xd)

2. A least a Competent Italian(the only good italian is balbo the anothers...... well only are divided by the level of incompetent) preaching about the power(and horror) of Carpet Bombing Doctrine(we gonna have a blitz in japan???).(sarcasm start here) And about the dolphin ultra sonic unit... that is the answer against the Russian Bears with guns division??? or Japanesse Konpei no Kantai project??(sarcasm end here)

3. And the about the misterious Englishmen(the arch-nemesis of the chinesses), maybe is one who use black shorts???

well very good update, the one in the calm before the storm(the inaction of the japanesse for me is not a good sign) , and wish luck with your exams(again the Uni is hard, i start is one again in February 1st and still miss the vacation but study hard is the only way...

I wish succes in your university and be happy with your girlfriend, i wish happy in all, keep there with the TL, this always improving

Att

Nivek von Beldo
 
Hehe - singapore aye? You shouldn't have time for AH.COm at all with that kind of education system! Plus you have two TL's!

I actually ended up saving this one's TL (I followed your copy and paste technique)

Exams are next week :) I'm feeling surprisingly confident and secure. But that may be the girlfriend effect talking.

Heh... maybe I should take a sabbatcal from AH.com and start working on the history/economics/mathematics/chemistry homework that is slowly starting to pile up...

By the way, what are Chiang's dolphins gonna go when they go face to face with a Shogun Executioner?:D
 
Great update! Curious to see Douhet liking bomber airships. His OTL ideas were more along the lines of big "battle planes" bristling with defensive guns...sort of like the B-17, really. How does his time in china affect air power thinking in other contries? Any notable changes?

PS, thanks for the nod. But seriously, I have no problems losing the TD to this masterpiece. :)

PPS: Read Knox's "Hitler's Italian Allies" for a great primer on the Italian political-military-industrial complex. It's only 200 pages and a quick read.
 
The problem with Douhet's theories is he got a lot of it very wrong. Douhet believed a moderate number of bombers were all that's required to wipe out an adversary's industry, underestimating the force size by orders of magnitude. He was the guy that started with the idea that the bomber will always get through. Meaning there's no point building interceptors at all. Even tactical air support was a waste of money. His advice was to spend as much as possible on long range bombers that can hold the enemy's Capitol at risk. Douhet believed bombing civilian targets would quickly bring about surrender. For him, future wars are won in the air, quickly, and decisively.

If the TTL Chinese Air Force adopt his theories uncritically it would be a disaster. Assuming there are even bombers capable of reaching Tokyo from China in the 1930s, the air force would not feel the need to acquire a meaningful number. They would not invest much resources into fighters and ground attack aircraft. They would expect future wars to be short, therefore neglect to expand pilot training. They would expect the Japanese government to cave and its industries easy to knock out once bombers arrived over Japanese home islands, which we know from history as preposterous.

I notice the foreshadowing of high altitude airship bombing in TTL. First of all high altitude bombing reduces accuracy, second airships must sacrifice payload for altitude. Third, airships would not be in line with Douhet's theories. Douhet believed the bombers will always get through because bombers were just as fast as fighters. The lumbering airship could not hope to survive as an offensive weapon.
 

glowjack

Banned
Well actually, I read it was because that Douhet's experience came from WWI: Where the biplanes were fast, agile, and you could always see exactly where you were aiming .Furthermore, during his time there was no fore-warning of airattacks, if your side happens to station the most fighters in an area then you will have superiority, so all you have to do is concentrate your fighters and move them up and down the front(obviously he didn't account/know about things like radar, technological improvements which allowed the defender to concentrate fighter power and overcome the massing of bombers and faster engines that made accuracy and BDA difficult).

But on a side note the Japanese were always in a tough spot geographically and politically concerning air defense. Unlike Germany where the enemy had to fly through hundreds of kilometers of hostile land every major target in Japan is reachable within 100 km of sea (WWII files show that Japanese fighters usually only had 20mins warning to intercept B34s and you needed 40mins to gain the altitude). Furthermore, Japan is a naval empire with extensive coastlines vulnerable to silent-cheap aerial mining and in OTL a terrible improvised mine-clearing force take Operation starvation for example :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Starvation.

Operation Starvation sank more ship tonnage in the last six months of the war than the efforts of all other sources combined, at the low cost of 1300 flights(5.7% of american bomber capacity for 6 months) and 12000 mines (meager compared to all the combat ships and submarines).

Politically the japanese navy and army always fought (and nothing short of divine intevention from his majesty would change the century old feud: which knowing he emperor's political position would require divine intevention), the Air defense was all routed through the tokyo war ministry which delayed things considerablly. Navy air defense was never intergrated or even coperating with army air defense. The Navy and Army ran parallel research and development programs, production assemblies, and logistics with Japan's meager resources (one of the reasons they never came up with good radar). The army indescrimablly drafted skilled Navy aircraft factory workers and technical personale. The airforce did not have night time radar, any OTL bombers downed in the dark was literally just luck (there were 20-30 operational spot-lights in all of japan dedicated to air defese)The army which didn't have much use for oil withheld fuel from the Navy which in turn withheld freighters from the army which in turn started building its own merchant fleet (this was why the battle of midway was lost, lots of Japanese battleships that could not move in range so they got pummeled by american carrier based aircraft while the army sat on millions of barrels of oil in burma ). Their long-range radar only detected planes between 15000ft-4000ft leaving massive gaps. Their offensive mentality ensured that they never invested into R&D of AA measures nor stockpile any resources in Japan.

Their cities are made of wood and paper! Let the incinderies fall!
 
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Hendryk

Banned
If the TTL Chinese Air Force adopt his theories uncritically it would be a disaster.
That's what it tried to do in my TL, with extremely disappointing results. Strategic bombing failed to make a significant difference until the last few years of the war.
 
The Gods of War,

Will there be better Japanese preparations for war than IOTL and will they have a stronger or weaker military?
When war starts, will Hitler declare war to the Japanese empire? It is not impossible that some German and Italian merchant ships may be sunk as the blockade of China begins.
 
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But on a side note the Japanese were always in a tough spot geographically and politically concerning air defense. Unlike Germany where the enemy had to fly through hundreds of kilometers of hostile land every major target in Japan is reachable within 100 km of sea (WWII files show that Japanese fighters usually only had 20mins warning to intercept B34s and you needed 40mins to gain the altitude). Furthermore, Japan is a naval empire with extensive coastlines vulnerable to silent-cheap aerial mining and in OTL a terrible improvised mine-clearing force take Operation starvation for example :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Starvation.

The problem is the value of mine warfare was not recognized pre-war. The vulnerability of Japan to sea mining was only realized through experimentation. The results were so out of proportion that the details were classified by the US Navy for decades afterwards.

For example it turned out submarines were more effective as mine layers than actually torpedo shooters. The results were almost as good while posing far less risk to the subs. They could lay their mines off a port and return to lay them again after the enemy swept the area. Sometimes almost half the mines hit something. No pre-war admiral would have believed the numbers they got.

In hind sight the USN could've mined Japanese waters much earlier. The effectiveness of this tactic was greatly underestimated just as air power was overestimated.
 

Hendryk

Banned
The problem is the value of mine warfare was not recognized pre-war. The vulnerability of Japan to sea mining was only realized through experimentation.
That's very interesting. How much trial and error did it take to realize that? It just seems so obvious in hindsight.
 
Wild speculations,

If Hitler declares war to Japan in 37 or 38 (much smaller step than declaring war to the USA), he would use the state of war to justifie increased mobilisation of the economy and readiness of the wehrmacht.
By the time war starts in europe, Germany would be significantly better prepared than it was IOTL.
Inversel, seeing Germany annexe Austria and the Munich treaty at work might convince Chiang Kai-Shek to start his own move?

Indonesia, will at least some of the Indonesian islands fall to the Chinese?


The problem is the value of mine warfare was not recognized pre-war. The vulnerability of Japan to sea mining was only realized through experimentation. The results were so out of proportion that the details were classified by the US Navy for decades afterwards.

For example it turned out submarines were more effective as mine layers than actually torpedo shooters. The results were almost as good while posing far less risk to the subs. They could lay their mines off a port and return to lay them again after the enemy swept the area. Sometimes almost half the mines hit something. No pre-war admiral would have believed the numbers they got.

In hind sight the USN could've mined Japanese waters much earlier. The effectiveness of this tactic was greatly underestimated just as air power was overestimated.


The Chinese warplans would not rely as much on great airpower than that of the other great powers. They would be more keen on working alternative methods to counter-attack against Japan, since reversing air and sea superiority would be a lot more difficult than for the US.
 
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That's very interesting. How much trial and error did it take to realize that? It just seems so obvious in hindsight.

I believe it started with using mines to isolate Japanese islands from resupply. That turned out to be quite successful. New technology like acoustic mines were also developed.

Mine warfare was considered too underhanded pre-war. Admirals wanted battleship duels, not sneaking around in the dark sabotaging commercial shipping. This was a time when wars had to be declared and submarine warfare was still considered piracy by some. Respectable navies just didn't want to think about this sort of thing. It would be as distasteful as basing the lynch pin of strategy around shooting down civil airliners.

Air power had its advocates because flying around dropping bombs is just cool. Mine warfare is the opposite of glamorous.
 
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