Bear with me here....with the advent of peace in Europe, I figured I'd do a short (turned out a little longer then I meant!) run down on each country/territory for 1919. Especially as some countries such as the Nordic ones haven't been mentioned so far. I've also included Morocco, Algeria & Tunisia due to their large influence on European affairs through Spain and France. As always, feel free to comment
1919
With the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed at the start of 1918, and later in 1918 the Treaty of Versailles signed between all the combatants in the Great War, peace eventually settled down. Germany set to work on the proper establishment of it's new "protectorates" in eastern Europe.
UK
The British were not in a terrible state like the French were, but weren't in tip-top condition either. Thousands, if not millions, of men had died in the Great War (1914-1918) and this had had real impact on British society. Class walls had crumbled, and women had been fully involved in the war effort, doing jobs previously only done by men. This led to the vote for women over the age of 30 in 1919. However, the need to regenerate the Royal Navy which had been involved in non-decisive but still damaging skirmishes with the German Navy helped to inject money back into the economy. The UK also had a vested interest in France. With the large French colonial empire, Britain had no interest in seeing the French go bankrupt, causing a power vacuum in Western Africa that could fall sway to Ottoman or Austro- Hungarian interest, or even worst German influence. It suited Britain to invest in France to get her back on her feet, even if that was somewhat damaging domestically - helping defend France in the war, partly paying for the withdrawal of Germany from French territory, and now having to help the French recover. Anti-German feeling helped weather this though, as the anti-German feeling was more significant then the resentment at helping the French.
Ireland
Irish Home Rule had been achieved in 1917, and most policy areas fell under Irish jurisdiction, with the British Parliament only looking after the wider affairs - citizenship, foreign affairs, defence & the single market. The sore point was the status of Ulster though - although the Irish felt that in 1923 that Ulster would join them, Ulster read the situation differently, that the situation would be reassessed in 1923. The only real party that presented real proposals was again the All-for-Ireland league led by O'Brien who advocated Ulster joining Ireland in 1923, but retaining it's a considerable degree of autonomy and holding the balance of power in the Irish House of Commons. Sinn Fein continued to boycott the Irish devolved Parliament, and campaign for full independence. However this ended up shooting themselves in the foot as they lost any influence of power in the Irish Commons.
Netherlands
The Dutch had remained neutral in the Great War, but had still been significantly affected by it's own neutrality. Food had rocketed in value due to demand from both sides, but overall the damage was not to great. Regardless, following the end of hostilities, the Netherlands pretty much returned to business as usual.
Belgium
Belgium had been destroyed by the German Army advances through and tearing up Belgium as it went. The German had taken several Flemish-friendly moves though, something which had caused quite a rift in Belgian society between the Flemish and French communities. Retribution was swift, both legally and illegally for collaborators, and the stigma associated with non-resistance remained high, further fuelling French-Flemish ill-feeling.
Luxembourg
Luxembourg had remained the one area of Low Countries the Germans had stayed in as Britain had not asked Germany to withdraw from it, as it was considered a more Germanic nation then Belgium and the Netherlands, and would serve as appeasement to Germany. It had now been annexed to Germany as another German state. The Luxembourg Government officially protested, but it was useless in the face of the reality.
France
Following the war, the French economy was devastated. It still lacked it's lands in Alsace-Lorraine that it had lost to Prussia at the backend of the 19th century, and was now struggling to make it's war reparations to Germany. However, the shared experience of fighting alongside the British against the Germans had forged a new cultural bond with their long term enemy from over the Channel. Large aid and investment flowed across the Channel into France, but even so, food shortages were widespread, and the loss of millions of French men during the Great War led to a reliance on the British aid.
Spain
Spain had profiteered during the War by staying neutral and selling to both sides, prompting a boom in the Spanish economy. However the end of the war had hit the Spanish economy, and meant many workers had lost jobs, leading to mass disgruntlement. A large workers strike had to be put down by the state, but widespread disillusion remained.
Portugal
Despite small involvement in the Great War due it's position, Portugal suffered disproportionatly. Furthermore in 1919, the dictator Sidónio Pais was shot and killed by disgruntled political activists, leading to a power vacuum. By the middle of 1919, this had escalated into civil war, but things were finished by the end of 1919 with a win for the Republicans.
Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia
Morocco remained under Spanish and French rule, but an independence movement was growing in all 3 states. In Algeria, local Muslim leaders were growing to fill the void left by the French following their involvement in the Great War. In Tunisia, the independence movement had been forced underground before the War, but now flared up again.
Germany
Germany had finished the Great War as the winner in all but name. It had gained significant new territory to incorporate into Germany, as well as a network of satellite states in eastern Europe. The Armed Forces were high in prestige due to their performance, and the Kaiser (Wilhelm II) was high in popularity, despite his unpopularity amongst the Army elite. However, the real seat of power had shifted away from him during the War into the hands of the Army leaders - von Hindenburg and Ludendorff, although Wilhelm remained ultimate power. Large sections of the German Army, under von Hindenburg, were stationed in eastern Europe to stabilise the new states and install puppet governments friendly to Germany. Eventually however, "autonomous" German provinces in Poland, Belarus, Lithuania & Livonia (initially named as the Baltic Duchy, but subsequently renamed) were created, where Germany would provide the military defence and retain ultimate power, but most. Many of these areas had been repressed by the Russian Empire, and the Germans were welcomed in as a result. Their status as autonomous German provinces caused ill-feeling rapidly though, but none of these states were large enough to take on Germany.
Switzerland
Swiss neutrality had been respected during the War, and despite the early mobilisation of the Swiss Army, it had come to be somewhat stood down towards the end of the War.
Italy
Italy had been in the perfect position during the war. While attempting to remain neutral, it had actually signed a secret treaty with Germany and Austro-Hungary; in return for a "friendly neutrality" to them both, Italy would gain territory at Trent and towards Trieste at Austro-Hungarian expense, and would gain Albania after the war finished. In return, Italy paid Austro-Hungary a large compensation fee. Italy also gained the Dodecanese islands in the Aegean. All this served to play to Italian nationalists and proved to be a large morale boost for the Italian nation, which was only just over 100 years old. The successes without Italian blood cemented the position of the King in Italy, and substantially increased the prestige of Boselli, the Italian Prime Minister.
Austro-Hungary
While Austro-Hungary had ended the war in a similar manner to Germany; more or less as victors, internally the situation was turning dire. The rise of nationalism across the multi-ethnic empire meant the various ethnic groups were demanding more power. The Hungarian half of the crown was not interested in seceding power to the people, and the Austrian half wanted to keep the empire intact, or it would seek Anschluss with Germany. All this left the King, Charles I, with a real task to keep this Habsburg empire intact, as well as integrating the newly acquired territories in Romania & Serbia. The Austrian part of the Army proceeded to annexed Austro-Hungarian Serbia, while the Hungarian part annexed the Romanian lands. The Serbs were treated harshly by the Austrian Army, blamed as they were for the start of the War. Settlers from Austria were invited to settle in Serbia & Montenegro. Serbian nationalism had been destroyed, and the country sliced in half by the War.
Bulgaria
Bulgaria on the whole was delighted with the outcome of the War, but it was a bittersweet victory in some manners. It gained new territory in Bulgarian Serbia, and parts of Romania. However it had assumed it would be able to take Albania and acquire a significant Adriatic coast line. Bulgaria had not been aware of the Treaty of Trieste between Italy, Germany & Austro-Hungary due to Bulgaria's late entry to the War, and come the end of the war Albania had been transferred to Italian control. The Bulgarian King Ferdinand I was very frustrated, and the situation did little to improve his already low relations with the Charles of Austro-Hungary and Willhelm of Germany. He was stuck however, as Bulgaria stood no chance of taking Albania itself.
Greece
With the end of the War signalled by the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, Greece lost the most. It had conquered Western Thrace, and had made progress into Eastern Thrace, but had been forced to give it's territory up by Britain and France. It had however kept hold of the part of Albania it had managed to conquer. Greek irredentism had not been satisfied however, and further schism in Greek society widened further between the pro-war people who advocated further attacks on the Ottoman Empire to bring all the Hellenic peoples under one banner, and the anti-war people who wanted to consolidate their position, surrounded as they were by enemies.
Ottoman Empire
The ottomans has supposedly finished on the winning side, but things did not feel that way. The British had captured Palestine and set up a new state there, they had not captured any significant amount of territory from Russia and they had not achieved anything in Europe. Embarrasingly it had also suffered losses to Greece, only recently independent of the Ottomans, although Greeece had been pushed back with the peace treaty. A feeling of discontent swept across Anatolia.
Russia
The biggest changes in Europe had been for Russia. It had entered the Great War as tsarist Russia, and had ended the War as a communist country led by Lenin. A civil war had really kicked off in 1919, between the Bolsheviks and anti-communist forces (loosely named the "White Movement"). The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk had alienated portions of the broad communist movement and splintered the Bolshevik group between those who had wanted peace in order to consolidate Bolshevik rule. The other group found the notion of surrending such large swathes of Russia to Germany as dispicable. This split was soon pounced upon by the White Movement which gathered pace. Open warfare near the new European borders of Russia soon broke out between the two sides.
Ukraine
In Ukraine, the German forces had been welcomed as liberators. Ukraine had thrown off Russian rule, and independence beckoned. However, the Germans had other ideas, and anti-German feelings soon rose. The German army had had to help themselves to Ukrainian food and supplies in order to remain equipped, and this had been to the detriment of local populations. The Germans took direct military control of the country while local government was set up which proved more challenging to do due to the size of Ukraine.
Poland, Belarus, Lithuania, Livonia
Poland was one of the first places to be conquered by the Germans, and was the easiest to set up as a client state. A provisional Government had been set up, overlooked by both the Germans and Austro- Hungarians. Prince Leopold of Bavaria was lined up to be the future King of Poland as a further step of Germanisation. Belarus, after a long period of repression by the Russians, was delighted to be liberated from Russia. Belarussian culture started to assert itself again. Lithuania proved to be more troublesome; scared of being assimilated into Germany, the interim Lithuanian Council declared Lithuania independent and invited Prince Willhelm of Urach to become King Mindaugas II of Lithuania. The Germans refused to allow Willhelm to travel to Lithuania until the situation was resolved. Through political posturing, and the replacement of certain members of the Lithuanian Council with more pro-German people, the declaration of independence was dropped and Willhelm was allowed to became King Mindaugas of Lithuania. Livonia became a Grand Duchy though, ruled by Adolf Friedrich, due to the German dominated local population. All 4 states were economically tied to Germany though; the military and transport were controlled by Germany, and a single market was set up between the 4 states and Germany.
Finland
Finland was the odd member out from the Great War. It had declared independence from Russia, and it's sovereignty had been guaranteed several times. It had also done it without direct German involvement, although Finland continued to enjoy friendly relations with Germany due to the help Germany had rendered during Finland's struggle. A German Prince, Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse, was invited to become king, and took seat as King Vaino I of Finland.
Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Iceland
Although the Scandinavian Monetary Union had been broken by the effects of the Great War, particularly upon the Danish economy, friendly relations still somewhat permeated between the Nordic countries. The Nordic Association, a body for inter-Governmental communications was established in 1919. Iceland had also achieved independence in 1919 as a seperate kingdom, but still in a personal union with Denmark under King Christian X.