Chapter 120: The Battle of Beneventum
The Battle of Beneventum occurred when Marcellus flew from Nola east over Abella towards the Roman fortifications of the city of Beneventum. Hanno marched onto the city from the east with a army of 17,000 Bruttians and Lucanians as well as 1,200 Numidian horsemen in hopes of bringing the Samnites and the southern cities of Magna Graecia into a full out, proper offensive alliance with Hannibal and Carthago. Meanwhile Hannibal and his partly Capuan army of 20,000 soldiers and 4,000 cavalry followed Marcellus northeast over Caudium coming from Nola to meet up with Hanno. By doing so Hannibal had been leaving one third of his army behind to secure Capua, as he needed to show Uxuntum, Bruttia, Lucaria, Picentes of Salernia, Harpini and most of Samnium had to be shown that Hannibal could protect them from Rome, as from the mouth of the Vulturnus river to the peninsula of Mons Garganus and south, only a string of Roman forts held out against Hannibal and his allies. The Roman Republic only had 18,000 Legionaries and cavalry at their fortifications of the city of Beneventum Hannibal knew that the Roman commander Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus would try to deny Hannibal the joining of both Carthagian forces to defeat in detail, so that afterwards the Romans could start their campaign to subdue the southern Italian city-states that had dared to join with Hannibal after Cannae. After capturing the city of Nola, Hannibal specifically had ordered Hanno to march to Campania over Beneventum. The consul Fabius had ordered Gracchus, a praetor, to march from Lucercia, where he had been wintering, on to Beneventum. Fabius' son, the Q. Fabius Maximus, was in command of a separate force, and was ordered to take possession of Lucercia. Fabius ordered Gracchus to Beneventum with the idea of cooping up Hannibal in Campania, he had failed to do this previously in 215 BC, and perhaps with the scheme in mind of preventing reinforcements from reaching him. However Fabius had any idea that reinforcements were on their way.
Hanno and Gracchus reached the city about the same time, but Gracchus got actual possession of the city due to the fact that there was a Roman garrison within it. He encamped about a mile outside of the city, astride Hanno's path. Hanno encamped roughly three miles from the city. It was at this time that Gracchus received permission from the senate to promise the two legions that consisted of slaves, that were the battle won, and they brought him the head of an enemy, they would be granted their freedom. It was not until the next day that the armies lined up in order of battle. The two sides arrayed their respective forces in a fashion typical of the day. Hanno, with his right wing on the Calor river, placed his cavalry. Next to these, in his center, came his infantry. To the left of these, was the other half of Hanno's cavalry, that was not protected by any topographical feature. The Roman line was longer than that of the Carthaginians. The Roman left was similarly arrayed, except that the Roman cavalry was stationed on the left. Traditionally, the Roman cavalry was weaker in number than the allied cavalry. To the right of the Roman cavalry were the legions. Traditionally, a Roman army consisted of four legions, the two Roman legions "Proper", made up by actual Romans, were on the inner part of the Roman line and the two allied legions were placed to the left and right of these respectively. To the right of the infantry was where the majority of the Roman cavalry was stationed.
The ensuing battle was a bloody slogging match. Gracchus' proclamation almost proved to be the Roman's undoing. As not only were the slaves stopping to decapitate the slain, but they were carrying them around the battle field with them, thus hampering them down. Realizing what was happening, he declared no man would be freed unless the enemy were completely defeated. While this was going on, Gracchus ordered his cavalry to attack Hanno's flanks, where the Numidian cavalry was stationed. The Numidian cavalry, fought skillfully against this cavalry charge, and for sometime the combat on the flanks was in doubt. However, Gracchus again sent word through his orderlies to the rank and file that unless the enemy were quickly defeated, they would not win their freedom. Being thus motivated, the slave legions made one last desperate push, and forced the Carthaginian army to retreat back to their camp, where they were swiftly followed by the legionaries themselves. Upon arriving in the camp, the Carthaginians found that some of their Roman prisoners had armed themselves with weapons. Hanno was completely surrounded it seamed, when suddenly Hannibal arrived with his army, just in time to pose a treat to the Roman flank, forcing their main army to retread on their left flank. This gave Hanno and his forces time to defeat the Romans at their camp, either slaughtering them, or taking some prisoners once again. As the Carthagian forces now greatly outnumbered the Roman ones two to one, Gracchus ordered a retreat to the fortifications of Beneventium. Around 2,000 Romans had been killed during the battle and 4,000 soldiers under Gracchus had displeased him so much, that he would later order them to eat their meals standing during the siege of Beneventum and the rest of their service in this Legions, a gesture clearly meant to dishonor them for a perceived lack of courage during the battle. Hanno not even knowing how barely he and his army had been saved by Hannibal's arrival joined Hannibal in the siege camp they now placed around Beneventum. Hanno used the victory to raise fresh forces in Lucania, Bruttium and Samnium itself against the Romans. These forces would help him in his siege of Beneventum, giving Hannibal a free hand to conduct a successful campaign in Campania and the south.
After interrogating the Roman prisoners, Hannibal also heard more about how Rome had used slaves in their Legions, with the promise of freeing them. This showed Hannibal that his campaign was a success, that Cannae had been a huge victory and that the Romans now fearing another open field battle with him were running out of manpower and allies in Italy, meaning that this war could be won. Nearly immediately Hannibal took two actions, one was sending a letter about the situation to Carthage, ensuring that with a little more money and fresh reinforces together with his new Italian allies who wished for liberation from Roman tyranny and oppression, the victory was in his grasp. The other message would be directed at the now in Beneventum besieged Romans themselves. Hannibal declared that he had not come to kill any Italians and that even all Roman civilians were free to leave who wished to do so. The Roman Legionaries meanwhile for that to happen had to become his prisoners alongside Marcellus and Gracchus in exchange for that to happen. Hannibal further promised that all Roman slaves inside the city would be freed from Roman rule and oppression, but unlike under Gracchus they would not have to fight and possible die for that dream. All they had to do according to Hannibal's words was simply opening the gates to the city and surrender the army with their commanders, everyone else was free to go wherever they wanted to.
Hannibal knew that the Roman commanders would not accept this, but this wasn't his plan. He also knew how shocked the public would be about hearing that the times were so dire they now armed slaves to fight for them. Marcellus now was truly trapped as he could not simply disarm the slaves during the beginning siege as he needed their numbers, nor outright deny them their freedom and back off from his promises. At the same time the armed slaves would cause tensions inside the already besieged Roman population of the town. After his siege camp around the city of Beneventum was established Hannibal, still lacking proper siege equipment and engineers hoped that either Macedon or Syracuse could send him the needed supplies to Beneventum. At the same time Hannibal left Hanno in charge of the siege while he was recruiting fresh troops from nearby areas, especially Samnites who were all to eager to free their capital and join Hannibal's side as a once again freed Samnite people, reclaiming the independence they had lost in three Samnite Wars against Rome. Soon Beneventum was besieged by Hannibal's allies under Hanno, among them many Samnites wishing to free their capital, while Hannibal marched with the rest of his once again combined armies away. Hannibal knew that the Roman forces at the coast in Neapolis, Herculaneum, Cumae, Liternum and Volturnum still prevented any real Carthagian reinforcements coming from the west Coast. But he also knew that Hanno's forces together with those left in Capua, when combined were enough to besiege Beneventum and secure Capua from any Roman counter-attacks. While Hanno strengthened the siege walls and defenses around Beneventum and started to build smaller siege weapons to even further lower the Romans morale, Hannibal looked at his cards. In the south he could turn towards Tarentum and secure that important harbor for his supplies, knowing that the Roman Legion in Luceria, Canusium and Brundisium who were securing the provinces of Apulia and Callabria for now were the last major resistance against his dominance in all of southern italy, but would not be able to outright support a besieged Tarentum as that would mean abandoning their own cities defenses, unsure where Hannibal would truly arrive. All in one they were still one or two Legions and a Roman fleet there. They were however totally cut off from any reinforcements and supplies from the north and also had to defend the Roman colonies of Apollonia and Oricum at the border region towards Macedonia that was now allied with him, so they were quit occupied by now.
The same was true for the Roman Legions in Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily, where Syracuse had just allied and sided with him, completely cutting off their secure ways back to the Italian peninsula and maybe even annihilating them. Because of that Hannibal thanks of the knowledge of Romans severe soldier situation, because of their use of slaves, decided to turn westwards. On his way there he could take the small town of Abella, maybe even without any siege as it had no true garrison and could not withstand his now once again powerful, unified army. Then the path to Tarentum and a link to his southern Italian and Greek allies was secured. However there were still one or two Roman Legion north of the Voltumsi river, securing the via Appia crossing there with their retaken fortifications at Casilinum, thereby endangering Capua. One or two additional Legions, so three to four in total, remained at Neapolis, Herculaneum, Cumae, Liternum and Volturnum on the Campanian coast. They therefore were Hannibal's next target. If he could defeat them, Capua and the siege of Beneventum would be secure and undefeated Punic victories. Further more if he attacked Casilinum and threatened their escape route north, or marched directly onto the coast with his forces in Capua covering his flanks, Hannibal could force the Romans to a difficult decision. Either their western forces fought for one another, or either looked how he would destroy them like so many before one by one, or they could march eastwards trying to relieve the siege around Beneventum. Either way Hannibal before surrounded in Capua and Campania was suddenly once again master of the situation as he forced the Romans to make a move on him with three Legions, while his two to three armies (Capua reinforcement/ garrison, his own troops and that of Hanno) were placed ideal in their middle, taking their time to watch their next move, ready to strike them as long as they were still separated.