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The railroads were built by the railroad companies. Bell put up the phone lines. Private companies electrified the cities. Cell towers are built by phone companies. Fios is being built by Verizon. What would happen if highway construction were left up to the car companies?
I understand Ike & co. saw the Interstate system as a matter of national security, but that doesn't mean the government has to build it. After all the government came to an agreement with the railroad companies during the Civil War.
I'm less interested in how plausible this is than I am in the effects of it happening.