At first, the Carlists took over the crumbling Spanish Empire, however they couldn't reform the country and instead attempted to distract the public with colonial ventures, taking over parts of Asia, Africa, and re-asserting dominance over the South American Cone. Spain settled the lands that could not be controlled by the unstable Argentine Confederation, which was eventually absorbed wholesale into the colonial administration.
However, this could only last so long, in the wave of unrest the swept Europe in 1848, both France and Spain were toppled by liberal revolutions, and became allied republics. Together, they launched interventions against the Ottomans, resulting in what some cynically called the 10th Crusade, which saw the liberation of the Holy Land. Officially, this is the victory of a secular France, not a Christian power. Unofficially, this has cemented France's position in the Mediterranean and Catholic sphere, allowing a smoother integration of the Italian provinces annexed after a failed Italian experiment at independence against their previous Austrian rulers.
Although the Northern European Powers of Sweden/Scandinavia, Netherlands, Germany, and the United Kingdom were able to avoid revolutions, their liberalization and democratization meant that their constitutional monarchies were fairly progressive and peaceful, engaging in hostilities mostly only with Russia, particularly after it succumbed to communist revolution, engaging a multinational intervention. Although the British and Germans wanted the relatives of Queen Victoria back on the throne, the Tsarist royal family had already been executed, therefore rather than impose more foreign monarchs on the country, it remained a republic.
After the intervention in communist Russia, Germany, Scandinavia, and the United Kingdom were weakened and off-balance. Amidst a polical crisis between the Netherlands and Belgium, France saw this opportunity to retake Alsace-Loraine. Spain gave aid to France, however due to technological advancements in warfare, the first world war was shockingly bloody. Thankfully it was a short war, as the United Kingdom remained neutral instead of helping Germany, while the US intervened on the side of France.
Due to the economic, political, and cultural shocks of the war, Spanish upper and middle classes began turning the country towards autarchy. In 1920 there was a coup, and the industrialist corporatists took control of the government with the help of ultranationalists. Although it officially remained a republic, it was a defacto dictatorship, as voting rights were suppressed and censorship was introduced. Over the next decade, anti-capitalist and pro-democracy riots and rebellions were widespread. However, thanks to its massive colonial recruitment, there was enough manpower to pacify the country, entrenching the new system.
Instead of liberalization, Japanese monarchy went in a different direction. A series of wars saw the suppression of southern rebellions, yet the ruling Tokugawa dynasty was toppled, replaced by a new Shogunate that better represented the interests of the new rising plutocrat class. Their desire for industrialization led to the colonization and exploitation of parts of Asia, notably Korea and Manchuria. However, inroads to China have ceased now that that the Chinese Revolution is coming to an end, with the KMT solidifying the North. As of yet, the Chinese do not see Japan as a great threat, ever since the Sichuan rebels were used as a Spanish proxy to partition the country into a conservative North and Radical South.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire has persisted through the troubled first half of the 20th century, thanks to its stable democratic neighbors ensuring peace in the region. Not since the days of ancient Rome has Europe been so cooperative. Still, points of contention remain, where great power rivalries still carry influence over disputes, such as the situation between the Kingdom of Greece (Athens) and the Kingdom of Greece (Heraklion).
However, this could only last so long, in the wave of unrest the swept Europe in 1848, both France and Spain were toppled by liberal revolutions, and became allied republics. Together, they launched interventions against the Ottomans, resulting in what some cynically called the 10th Crusade, which saw the liberation of the Holy Land. Officially, this is the victory of a secular France, not a Christian power. Unofficially, this has cemented France's position in the Mediterranean and Catholic sphere, allowing a smoother integration of the Italian provinces annexed after a failed Italian experiment at independence against their previous Austrian rulers.
Although the Northern European Powers of Sweden/Scandinavia, Netherlands, Germany, and the United Kingdom were able to avoid revolutions, their liberalization and democratization meant that their constitutional monarchies were fairly progressive and peaceful, engaging in hostilities mostly only with Russia, particularly after it succumbed to communist revolution, engaging a multinational intervention. Although the British and Germans wanted the relatives of Queen Victoria back on the throne, the Tsarist royal family had already been executed, therefore rather than impose more foreign monarchs on the country, it remained a republic.
After the intervention in communist Russia, Germany, Scandinavia, and the United Kingdom were weakened and off-balance. Amidst a polical crisis between the Netherlands and Belgium, France saw this opportunity to retake Alsace-Loraine. Spain gave aid to France, however due to technological advancements in warfare, the first world war was shockingly bloody. Thankfully it was a short war, as the United Kingdom remained neutral instead of helping Germany, while the US intervened on the side of France.
Due to the economic, political, and cultural shocks of the war, Spanish upper and middle classes began turning the country towards autarchy. In 1920 there was a coup, and the industrialist corporatists took control of the government with the help of ultranationalists. Although it officially remained a republic, it was a defacto dictatorship, as voting rights were suppressed and censorship was introduced. Over the next decade, anti-capitalist and pro-democracy riots and rebellions were widespread. However, thanks to its massive colonial recruitment, there was enough manpower to pacify the country, entrenching the new system.
Instead of liberalization, Japanese monarchy went in a different direction. A series of wars saw the suppression of southern rebellions, yet the ruling Tokugawa dynasty was toppled, replaced by a new Shogunate that better represented the interests of the new rising plutocrat class. Their desire for industrialization led to the colonization and exploitation of parts of Asia, notably Korea and Manchuria. However, inroads to China have ceased now that that the Chinese Revolution is coming to an end, with the KMT solidifying the North. As of yet, the Chinese do not see Japan as a great threat, ever since the Sichuan rebels were used as a Spanish proxy to partition the country into a conservative North and Radical South.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire has persisted through the troubled first half of the 20th century, thanks to its stable democratic neighbors ensuring peace in the region. Not since the days of ancient Rome has Europe been so cooperative. Still, points of contention remain, where great power rivalries still carry influence over disputes, such as the situation between the Kingdom of Greece (Athens) and the Kingdom of Greece (Heraklion).
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