Assessing the Damage
"I'm often reminded," Richard Nixon quipped in an interview a few weeks after the 1980 Presidential election, "of the earnest questions of whether or not the Republicans would ever win the Presidency again after Goldwater '64, and then lo and behold, four years later, there I am." The same question that seemed to boil up after every major loss by an American party was now circulating again - where did the GOP go from here, and how soon could it win another election?
It seemed an odd question for a party that had just won three straight Presidential terms, one of them by a 49-state reelection landslide, but during those twelve years they had not once controlled either House of Congress for a single two-year period, the first time that had happened in the history of the party, and the 1976 election had been narrow, scrappy and beyond controversial. The 1978 midterms and 1980 downballot elections had reduced the GOP to one-fifth of the Governors in the country and less than a third of the Senators and Congressmen, and Hugh Carey had decisively defeated Ronald Reagan essentially everywhere sans the suburbanizing Atlantic South and Reagan's native, libertarian-flavored West.
Carey watched the election returns come in from the Plaza Hotel in New York City and gave a triumphant speech to a crowd on Times Square when it was done; the curious juxtaposition of the President-elect in front of sex shops and porn theaters
[1] was fodder for late night comics for the next few months. Reagan, for his part, spoke in Los Angeles and kept his remarks short, polite and circumspect. "There will be an hour to analyze and ask what we missed," Reagan said. "That hour is not now. Right now, the task at hand is to congratulate President-elect Carey, to thank him for a campaign well run, and to let him know the prayers of the whole of America are with him as he looks ahead to a monumental task."
The recriminations within the GOP were quick to spread by the end of the week. Reagan's camp demanded to know why Ford and Dole hadn't been more diligent about getting out and campaigning for the ticket; Ford testily replied to such insinuations that he had toured Michigan, Ohio and Indiana with Reagan after the convention as a unity ticket and noted that he had a "day job" to tend to. More moderate Republicans, and some conservatives too, placed the blame on Reagan himself for bizarre mistakes such as his "state's rights" rally in Mississippi earning him well over a week of extremely negative coverage, or his choice to not campaign aggressively in the Northeast or Illinois, ceding a huge chunk of electoral votes to Carey. Some worried that his message had been too conservative both in the primary and the general and he had come off as a rigid reactionary, scaring voters; others claimed he had not run on a sufficiently anti-establishment message, turning off Americans looking for a "clear choice" by tacking to the middle after securing the nomination and tying himself to the "Ford failure."
In all, though, many strategists suspected that the results had fairly little to do with the candidate at all. The headwinds for the GOP - the end of Vietnam, Watergate, the Nixon Shock, stagflation, oil crises in 1973 and 1979, and the debacle in Panama - would have been too great for any candidate to endure, and indeed Reagan may have made the race closer than a less charismatic candidate without as loyal of a following would have. After the loss, Reagan moved on to a quiet retirement at his California ranch fundraising for various charities and conservative advocacy projects - and his endorsement would be fairly valued in primaries featuring more than one candidate from the party's conservative wing for most of the 1980s - and his weekly radio program continued until 1986. In the late 1980s, memory loss and other various health struggles encouraged him to withdraw from his more rigorous public engagements, and he retired from public view entirely in 1991 after a diagnosis of Alzheimers. He would attend the Republican National Conventions in 1984 and 1988, speaking at both, but for "the Gipper," politics was a thing of the past. He died in June 2004, and was buried on his property. When his beloved wife Nancy passed away twelve years later, she was buried next to him.
The GOP as a whole did not have the option to merely retire quietly to its ranch, of course, and the question of where to go next was not only live but would define it for the next twelve years until it managed to win the Presidency again.
[2] Over twelve years, it had had two Presidents and three Presidential candidates, all of a very different breed. They had had the law-and-order, anti-Communist prodigal son returning from the political wilderness who had promised to end the excesses of the 1960s with his trusted and tested leadership; the affable suburban Midwesterner who promised budget orthodoxy, national unity and a more traditional Old Right conservatism; and the insurgent New Right champion who promised a more revolutionary, epochal brand of reform. The first two had failed in office, the third had failed to persuade the American voter of his vision of what America could be. These three GOPs - the Nixonian one, the Fordian one, and the Reaganite one - had more overlap than they had differences, but there were still three distinct factions that detested each other almost as much as they disliked Democrats. What course of action would work in a Washington where they faced Congressional super-minorities, an ascendant brawler as President who was the toughest opponent the party had faced since LBJ, and where they were coming off a dismal record spread out over three terms in office was unclear, but the answer would have to emerge soon - 1982, and more critically 1984, would be here before they knew it...
[1] New York in the 70s/early 80s, baby!
[2] Spoiler!