Babylon survives

So what if Babylon didn't fall to the Medo-Persians?

How would that affect ancient near east history? Jewish history?

Say that the Persians never find there way into the city and the Babylonians drive them out?
 
No return from exile, which means the Hebrew scriptures and historical records aren't combined into a single collection. I don't see the Greeks or Romans letting them go back to the Holy Land.
 
Depends on if Babylon survives to the present day or simply holds off the Persians.

If they hold off the Persians and fall to the Greeks, the Maccabee rebellion occurs in Babylonia. That might create a quasi-independent Hebrew state in Mesopotamia, which would be legitimized as the land of Abraham. Or they could demand Judea as one of the terms of peace, in which case Judah Maccabee is viewed as the Messiah and the disciples of Jesus have a different set of expectations.

There is also no Book of Esther or Purim holiday.
 
Butterflies wipe out a whole lot of Greek history if there are no Greco-Persian Wars, not least the Macedonian Empire. The ancient world would be unrecognizable.
 
How would a Babylonian empire deal with the emergence of European polities, Indian empires?

How much longer could the banner of Marduk fly?
 
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