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Popes of the Roman Catholic Church:
1463-1465: Sergius V, Hungary (Janos Bakocz)[59]
1465-1470: Urban VI, Italy [63]
1470-1478: Pius V, France [66]
1478-1485: Bd. Pius VI, Portugal [73]
1485-1491: Pius VII, Holy Roman Empire [74]
1491-1493: Sergius VI, Hungary
1493-1497: John XXI, Naples
1497-1532: Sergius VII, Hungary
1532-1553: Benedict XII, Navarra
1553-1574: Pius VIII, Lithuania
1574-1575: St. Benedict XIII, Holy Roman Empire
1575-1609: Clement III, Netherlands
1609-1622: John XXII, Jerusalem
1622-1630: Pius IX, Genoa
Monarchs of France:
1483-1488: Charles VII 'the Joyless' (Anjou Dynasty)
1488-1521: Gaston I (Anjou Dynasty) [64]
1521-1537: Robert IV (House of Berry) [67]
1537-1541: Jean Robert I (House of Berry)
1541-1578: Gaston II (House of Champagne) [79]
1578-1582: Gaston III 'the Cruel' (House of Champagne) [84]
1582-1661: Nicholas I Henry 'Eternal king' (House of Champagne) [89]
1661-1665: Charles VIII 'the Chessmaster'[91]
1661-1664: Nicholas II [91]
1665-1667: Charles IX Henri[94]
1667-1670: Gaston IV [97]
1670-1685: Charles IX Henri (restored) [102]
Monarchs of England (from 1335, also King of Scotland)
1471-1483: Simon I 'the Red', Lord of Leinster (Hiberno-Norman Dynasty)
1483-1506: Henry VI (Hiberno-Norman Dynasty)
1506-1530: Arthur I (Hiberno-Norman Dynasty)
1530-1533: Catherine I, 'Queen of Scots' (Hiberno-Norman Dynasty)
1533-1578: Charles I 'Seafarer' (House of Fairfax) [80]
1578-1591: Arthur II (House of Fairfax)
1591-1613: Richard IV (House of Fairfax)
1613-1620: Richard V (House of Fairfax)
1620-1641: James I (House of Fairfax)
1641-1652: Charles II (House of Fairfax)
1652-1668: Richard VI (House of Fairfax)
Monarchs of Castille and Leon
1467-1488: Pedro II (House of Trastamara)
1488-1507: Alfonso XIII (House of Trastamara)
1507-1539: Isabella I (House of Trastamara) [68]
(Castille and Portugal unite)
Kings of Portugal
1458-1472: Isabel I (House of Burgundy)
1472-1532: Luis II (House of Bragnaza)
1532-1558: Manuel III (House of Braganza) [68]
Kings of Portugal, Castille and Leon
1558-1571: Alexander I (House of Braganza-Trastamara)
1571-1575: Luis I (House of Braganza-Trastamara)
1575-1588: Manuel I (House of Braganza-Trastamara) [85]
1588-1617: Luis II (House of Braganza-Trastamara)
1617-1621: Alexander II (House of Braganza-Trastamara)
1621-1640: Sebastian I 'the Handsome' (House of Braganza-Trastamara)
1640-1642: Luís III (House of Braganza-Trastamara) [98]
1642-1666: John I (House of Braganza-Trastamara)
Kings of Aragon
1482-1513: Ferdinand IV 'the Old' (House of Aragon)
1513-1547: Martin II (House of Aragon)
1547-1552: Juan I "the Sick" (House of Aragon)
1552-1567: Martin III "the Brave" (House of Aragon)
1567-1576: Ferdinand V (House of Aragon)
1576-1594: James V (House of Aragon)
1594-1610: Martin IV (House of Aragon)
1610-1650: Martin V (House of Aragon-Trastamara)
1650-1655: Ferdinand VI 'the Stubborn' (House of Aragon-Trastamara)[92]
1655-1660: Juan II (House of Aragon-Trastamara)
Emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire
1492-1494: Andronikos I (Bryenno-Angelid Dynasty)
1494-1526: Isaac V (Bryenno-Angelid Dynasty)
1526-1539: Constantine XIV (Bryenno-Angelid Dynasty)
1539-1541: Nikephoros VII (Bryenno-Angelid Dynasty) [71]
1541-1580: Constantine XV the Great (Komnenid Dynasty) [72]
1580-1589: Andronikos II 'the Builder' (Komnenid Dynasty) [82]
1589-1600: Constantine XVI (Komnenid Dynasty) [83]
1600-1631: Isaac VI 'the Good' (Komnenid Dynasty)
1631-1636: Isaac VII 'the Brief' (Komnenid Dynasty)[99]
1636-1655: Isaac VIII 'the Sicilian' (Komnenid Dynasty)[100]
1655-1671: Andronikos III (Komnenid Dynasty)
Holy Roman Emperors
1460-1468: Joseph II (Hapsburg Dynasty)
1468-1534: Mathias I (Hapsburg Dynasty) [64]
1534-1552: Charles V (House of Wettin) [69]
1552-1563: Charles VI (House of Wettin) [75]
1562-1574: George I (House of Wettin)
1574-1588: Louis VI (House of Wittlesbach)
1588-1643: Theodor I (House of Wittlesbach)
1643-1643: Louis VII (House of Wittelsbach)
1643-1651: George II (House of Welf-Kallenberg)
1651-1660: Louis VII (House of Welf-Kallenberg)
Archdukes of Austria
1534-1560: Maximillian I (Hapsburg Dynasty)
1560-1589: Mathias II (Hapsburg Dynasty)
1589-1592: Rudolf VI (Hapsburg Dynasty)
1592-1628: Albrecht I (Hapsburg Dynasty)
1628-1630: Albert II (House of Hapsburg)
1630-1643: Maximillian II (House of Hapsburg)
1643-1660: Adolf I (House of Hapsburg)
1660-1662: Maximilian III (House of Hapsburg)
Kings of Netherlands
1634-1672: Wilhem I (House of Nassau)
1672-1674: Maurice I (House of Nassau)
1674-1674: Michael I (House of Nassau)
1674-1676: Ferdinand I van der Zee (House of Van der Zee)
1676-1700: Nathalie I van der Zee 'the Beautiful' [103]
Monarchs of Denmark
1481-1489: Frederick II 'the Silent' (House of Holstein)
1489-1504: Frederick III (House of Holstein) [64]
1504-1532: Christian IV (House of Holstein)
1532-1551: Frederick IV (House of Holstein)
1551-1567: Christian V (House of Holstein)
1567-1588: Christian VI (House of Schleswig) [86]
1588-1621: Magnus IX (House of Schleswig)
1621-1623: Louis 'the Frenchman' (House of Schleswig-Blois)
1623-1639: Charles I (House of Schleswig-Blois)
1639-1650: Christian VII (House of Schleswig-Blois)
1650-1670: Magnus X (House of Schleswig-Blois)
Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri (Kings of Jerusalem)
1489-1501: Gilbert I 'Longsword' (House of Anjou-Lorraine)
1501-1516: Charles II (House of Anjou-Lorraine)
1516-1549: Richard IV (House of Anjou-Lorraine)
1549-1553: Gilles I (House of Anjou-Lorraine)
1553-1569: Baldwin IV (House of Anjou-Lorraine)
1569-1578: Charles III (House of Anjou-Lorraine)
1578-1621: Giles II (House of Anjou-Lorraine)
1621-1622: Charles IV (House of Anjou-Lorraine)
1622-1640: Armand I (House of Anjou-Lorraine)
1640-1649: Bladwin V (House of Anjou-Lorraine)
1649-1666: Baldwin VI of Ibelin (House of Anjou-Lorraine)
Kings of Poland
1452-1470: Wladyslaw I (Mazovian-Piast Dynasty)
1470-1524: Konrad V (Mazovian-Piast Dynasty) [64]
1524-1539: Wladyslaw II (Mazovian-Piast Dynasty)
1539-1558: Boleslaw VI (Mazovian-Piast Dynasty)
1558-1576: Wladyslaw III (Mazovian-Piast Dynasty)
1576-1592: Wladyslaw IV 'the Conqueror' (Mazovian-Piast Dynasty) [87]
1592-1637: Wladyslaw V (Mazovian-Piast Dynasty)
1637-1639: Konrad VI 'the Deformed' (Mazovian-Piast Dynasty)
1639-1640: Gaston I 'the Pretender' (House of Champaigne)
1640-1645: Miroslaw I (House of Königsberg)
Kings of Lithuania
1490-1506: Frederick IV 'the Little King" (House of Hohenzollern)
1506-1523: Christian II (House of Hohenzollern)
1523-1542: Sigismund I (House of Hohenzollern)
1542-1543: Wilhelm I 'the Unlucky' (House of Hohenzollern)
1543-1567: Sigismund II (House of Hohenzollern)
1567-1580: Frederick V (House of Hohenzollern)
1580-1623: Wilhelm II (House of Hohenzollern)
1623-1648: Wilhelm III (House of Hohenzollern-Jagellonia)
1648-1652: Wilhelm IV Frederick (House of Hohenzollern-Jagellonia)
1652-1666: Frederick VI (House of Hohenzollern-Jagellonia)
Kings of Sweden
1458-1463: Ingeborg of Pommerania [60]
1463-1543: Gustav I Johanson [64]
1543-1552: Erik XV Gustavson
1552-1569: Gustav II Eriksson
1569-1576: Erik XVI Gustavsson (House of Pommerania) [81]
1576-1588: Carl XI Erikson (House of Pommerania)
1588-1617: Gustac III Carlson (House of Pommerania)
1617-1617: Mary 'the Maid' (House of Pommerania)
1617-1619: Magnus, Earl of Medelpad
1617-1630: Erik XVII (House of Stockholm)
1630-1663: Gustav IV (House of Stockholm)
Kings of Hungary
1481-1487: Andrew IV (House of Luxembourg)
1497-1536: Stephen VIII (House of Luxembourg)
1536-1560: Imre III "the Tolerant" (House of Luxembourg) [70]
1560-1571: Matthew I (House of Luxembourg)
1571-1579: Andrew V (House of Luxembourg)
1579-1589: Bela IV (House of Luxembourg)
1589-1647: Matthew II (House of Luxembourg)
1647-1670: Luke I (House of Luxembourg)
1670-1679: Bela V (House of Luxembourg)
Kings of Naples
1496-1522: John I (House of Luxembourg)
1522-1567: John II (House of Luxembourg)
1567-1581: Charles I (House of Luxembourg)
1581-1625: Rene I (House of Luxembourg)
1625-1626: John III (House of Luxembourg)
1626-1636: Joanna I (House of Luxembourg) [101]
Naples and the ERE unite
Tsars of Tver/Russia
1480-1499: Mikhail II Ivanovich 'the Honeybee' (House of Rurik)
1499-1543: Paul II 'the Conqueror' (House of Rurik) [65]
1543-1552: Dimitri II (House of Rurik)
1552-1581: Mikhail III Dmitrievich 'the Wrathful' (House of Rurik)
1581-1601: Paul III (House of Rurik)
1601-1637: Timofey I (House of Orlov) [90]
1637-1666: Porfiry I 'the Devil' (House of Orlov)
1666-1668: Dmitri III Porfiryevich 'the Nogai' (House of Orlov)[93]
1668-1675: Paul IV (House of Orlov)
Kings of Galicia and Volhynia
1462-1482: Roman I Pavlovich (House of Rurik) [61]
1482-1506: Roman II (House of Rurik) [65]
1506-1538: Ivan I Romanovich (House of Rurik)
(Galicia and Volhyn to Tver)
Grand Prince of Birlad and Wallachia
1540-1559: Vladimir I Ivanovich (House of Rurik)[76]
1559-1574: Roman I Vladimirovich (House of Rurik)
1574-1580: Constantine I Vladimirovich (House of Rurik) [88]
1580-1627: Vladimir II Vladimirovich (House of Rurik)
1627-1628: Vladimir III Vladimirovice (House of Rurik)
1628-1656: Constantine II Vladimirovice 'the Horseshoe'(House of Rurik)
1656-1690: Constantine III the Great (House of Komnenos-Rurik)[104]
Monarchs of Eygpt
1460-1472: Stephen I 'the Hungarian' (Ascanian-Wittelsbach Dynasty)
1472-1503: Julius III (Ascanian-Wittelsbach Dynasty)
1503-1538: Stephen II (Ascanian-Wittelsbach Dynasty)
1538-1561: Julius III (House of Blois)[77]
1561-1572: Charles III (House of Blois)
1572-1589: William IV (House of Blois)
1589-1616: Julius IV (House of Blois)
1616-1619: Jacob I (House of Aleppo-Blois)
1619-1638: Denis I (House of Aleppo-Blois)
1638-1655: Julius V (House of Aleppo-Blois)
1655-1670: Stephen III (House of Aleppo-Blois)
Kings of Syria
1479-1481: Joseph I (House of Aleppo) (sole ruler)
1481-1523: Jacob/Jakob I (House of Aleppo)
1523-1548: Philip IV (House of Aleppo)
1548-1549: Joseph II 'the Monk', Lord of Baalbek (House of Aleppo)
1549-1576: Jacob II (House of Aleppo)
1576-1594: Denis VI (House of Aleppo)
1594-1627: Joseph III (House of Aleppo)
1627-1688: Samuel I the Magnificient (House of Aleppo)
1688-1697: Samuel II the Younger (House of Aleppo)
Ruler of the Great Nogais
1466-1490: Ismail-bey (Tribe of Edugu) [62]
1490-1510: Arslan-bey (Tribe of Edugu)
1510-1532: Mourad-bey (Tribe of Edugu)
1532-1561: Mousa-bey (Tribe of Edugu)[78]
1561-1569: Kiljan-bey (Tribe of Edugu)
1569-1582: Ibrahim-bey (Tribe of Edugu)
1582-1637:Temur-bey (Tribe of Edugu)
1637-1638: Isa-bey (Tribe of Edugu)
(Eastern Nogai horde falls under Oirat and Persian attacks)
Ruler of the Lesser Nogay (Crimea)
1638-1644: Mamay-bey (Tribe of Temur-mirza)
1644-1645: Arslan-bey II (Tribe of Temur-mirza)
Ruler of the Oirat Horde
1632-1671 Ayuka-Khan [95]
1671-1672: Mehmed-Khan
Sultans of Granada
1581-1632: Mohammed XIII (Banu Ummyad)
1632-1676: Mohammed XIV 'the Heretic' (Banu Ummayyad)
1676=1682: Mohammed XV (Banu Ummayyad)
Shahs of Iran
1572-1613: Mirza Shah (Nasid Dynasty)
1613-1631: Reza Shah (Nasrid Dynasty)
1631-1645: Murad Shah (Nasrid Dynasty) [96]
1645-1667: Mirza II Shah (Nasrid Dynasty)
Caliphate of Baghdad
1593-1634: Jalal I (Jalaryid Dynasty)
1634-1666: Yusuf I (Jalaryid Dynasty)
1666-1674: Jan Ali I (Jalaryid Dynasty)
1674-1691: Arslan I (Jalaryid Dynasty)
[59] Like many of the short-lived Popes of the three decades that followed, elected with a Hungarian army camped outside Rome's walls.
[60] Wife of Johan III, regent to the young heir after the deaths of Johan's older children.
[61] On his deathbed, Pavel Dimitrievich recalled his younger son from the seat in Lvov. Roman refused to come if his brother was to be Tsar. Upon Ivan's ascension, the campaign against Galich-Lvov failed. Roman proclaimed himself King in the Polish fashion.
[62] Moved the capital from Saraycik on the Ural to the Volga. At his death Nogais controlled the steppe from Northern Turkestan to the Russian Border. Lead several successful incursions into Crimea, fatally undermining the Crimean Khanate. Died during the siege of Kazan
[63] The most corrupt pope in recent history, leads to the Methodian Reformation. Urban VI become the symbol of the corruption of the clergy.
[64] Converted to Methodism
[65] Conquers Gallicia and Khanate of Kazan, proclaims himself Tsar of Russia.
[66] Last French Pope elected before the XXth Century. He tried to start a counter-reformation and to repair the damages caused by the deeds of Urban VI, but failed. He escaped three assination attemps during his reign, but was killed at the fourth.
[67] Gaston I having died childless, he was succeeded by his cousin Robert, Duke of Berry. A devout Catholic, Robert reafirmed Catholicism as the State Religion of France, which led to the First Religious War (1524-1526). It ended in a Statlemate with the Treaty of Bordeaux, which stated Catholicism was State Religion but allowed Methodist believers to continue their practices unharmed. Religious Tensions remained hard during the whole of Robert IV's reign.
[68] Husband and wife.
[69] Election contested by Archduke Maximilian of Austria, son of the late Emperor Matthias I, as the latter suspected a fraud. The fact that Charles V was a Catholic and Maximilian of Austria a Methodist led to the Imperial Civil War between the two religious factions.
[70] One of the main actors of the Counter-Reformation. He was nicknamed the Tolerant because he did allow Methodist practices in Hungary. However, Imre III made sure to control the spreading of Methodism and also did everything so that most of the Hungarians remained Catholic, notably by spreading the Counter-Reformation.
[71] Aged 21, he ascended to the purple. He raised the taxes in order to finish the reconquest of Anatolia and defeat the weak Sultanate of Caesarea. However, he became more and more unpopular among the people after his defeat in Sebastea, 1540. In order to recover the economy, he ordered the taxes to be raised more in the Balkans. Bulgaria rebelled and, with help of the citizens of Constantinople, deposed Nikephoros VII.
[72] The Komnenoi were a strong faction in Bulgaria and in the Constantinopolitan Senate. Constantine XV Komnenos had lead the Bulgarians in the revolt and became the Emperor. He defeated and conquered Caesarea in 1567 and reformed the Byzantine navy, using greek fire and cannons. Moreover, he ordered the Bryennids to be massacred, due to the awful amount of times that they had seized power in a rebellion. The Angeloi were also massacred. The Emperor annexed Antioch and much of Syrina in 1577, three years before his death.
[73] Following in the footsteps of his namesake, Urban VII fought passionately to fix the schism in the Church. In 1480, he opened the First Council of Rome to address corruption in the Church. Historians frequently consider the Council one of the most important events in Church history, due to the structural reconfiguration, spiritual ideas and political movements it inspired. Although many Methodist leaders were invited to the council, only a handful attended. He was assassinated shortly after the Council concluded by a Methodist extremist.
[74] Established numerous religious orders before his mysterious death in 1491.
[75] Forced to sign peace with the Archduke with the Hungarian king as a mediator. Civil war comes to a lull.
[76] Last scion of the Galician Rurikid house. Subjugates the Bessarabian and Wallachian boyars; flirts with becoming a Byzantine client.
[77] Invited to rule after last Ascanian king dies childless. Real name Jean Michel de Blois.
[78] Conquers Crimea, undergoes a Hajj to Mecca, dies on the way back.
[79] Is put in power after a Methodist coup. Restores Methodisim as the main religion in France, and executes the entirety of the House of Berry to maintain his rule. Greatly expands colonial progress through exiling catholics and keeping Methodist as the main leaders of the colonies especially in New Orleans (Carolinas) which was made up of 95% Catholics and 5% Methodist
[80] Inherits the throne after marrying Catherine I. Most of his reign is focused on expanding the colonies, making England the premier colonial power. He would also expand the navy to make it the greatest in Europe. He earned the name the 'seafearer' after he took a personal tour of the colonies halfway through his reign.
[81] Conquered Norway after a dynasty dispute.
[82] Andronikos II was a good Emperor. He had to face the advance of Methodism into the Balkans, via Hungary. To counter the conversions, Andronikos built several monasteries and Orthodox Cathedrals in Serbia and Bulgaria. Two great cathedrals were built in Belgrade and in Sofia. He died assassinated by a Methodist extremist.
[83] Constantine XVI banned Methodism from the Empire and annexed the small Emirates to the east of the Empire, aided by the Georgian allies. He died in a hunting accident, leaving the throne to this 14 years old son.
[84] A very puritan Methodist, Gaston III tried to definitely ban Catholicism from France, which led to the Fifth Religious War (the Second happened during the reign of king Jean Robert I, the third and fourth during Gaston II's) as the Catholic population was still the majority of France (although it had fallen to around 55% during Gaston II's reign). The main opponent of Gaston III was his cousin Francis, Duke of Guise and leader of the "Catholic League". Gaston III proved merciless against his ennemies, which earned him the nickname "The Cruel". The Fifth Religious War ended with Gaston III's defeat and death at the Battle of Lyon.
[85] Manuel I of Castille, Leon and Portugal was married to Catherine of Aragon, sister of King James V. Manuel was hoping to unite the Iberian Peninsula under the rule of his son, but the birth of an heir to King James V of Aragon brought it to an end. However, Manuel's idea of a unified Iberian Peninsula would play on his descendants' marital policies.
[86] King Christian V left only one daughter, Margaret, whom he had bethroed to a relative, Duke Christian of Schleswig, a descendant of Frederick III and the heir of Christian V according to the Danish law of succession.
[87] Waged a victorious war against Lithuania, which allowed him to conquer a great deal of territory.
[88] Brother of the former. Succeeded him after the later died without any children.
[89] Known as the eternal king for his long and prosperous reign. He inherit the throne at the age of 7, and was believed by Duke of Geise as easily manipulated. When Nicholas turned 18 he personally murdered Duke of Geise. He then converted to Methodism and executed all of the Catholic ring leaders. He then exiles the vast majority of Catholics to the colonies or the Holy Roman Empire. During his reign the massive palace of the Lourve was completed, in 1624. French culture flourished under his reign. Nicholas I Henri also declared war of the Holy Roman Emperor Theodor I. During the war he crushed the empires forces and forced him to cede land up to the Rhine river and recognize the independence of the Kingdom of Netherlands.
[90] Timofey I inherits russia after the death of Paul III. Paul III died without a child, and Timofey had married his sister thus inherited the throne.
[91] Twin sons of the previous monarch; Charles was Catholic and Nicholas was Methodist (Charles was technically the older sibling by one minute), and the former had established a Norman foothold with the aid of exile armies, taking Paris and the northern part of France in 1662. Nicholas maintained control of the rest of the country throughout his reign.
[92] Rejected the future Portuguese-Castillan claim by force of arms against his son-in-law after changing his mind about the union.
[93] Son of Soyembike of the Volga Nogai; pursued his claim to the middle Volga based on the dynastic link.
[94] Son of Charles. Could not re-establish control over all of France during his reign, though he remained the strongest of the surviving claimants.
[95] Wily and cunning, Ayuka managed to play off the Nogais, Byzantines, Russians and Persians to maintain control over a vast area of steppe that included most of the former Nogai lands. Died preparing an excursion south of the Terek into the lands of Georgia's Avar vassals.
[96] Engineered an alliance with the Oirats to defeat Nogais for the control of the cities in upper Turkestan; was betrayed by Ayuka-khan but could not pursue revenge due to brewing war with Baghdad.
[97] Gaston d'Evraux was a general loyal to the Methodist Nicholas and deposed and exiled Charles IX. Charles returned to France with a mercenary army, killed Gaston and was restored to power.
[98] brother of the former King.
[99] he was married to Joanna of Palermo, second daughter of Rene I, when he was a child and succeeded his father. He architected the death of the eldest daughter of King Rene and promoted a war between Tunis and Naples, in which King John III died. Isaac died while hunting in Pontus.
[100] see #99 and #101
[101] second daughter of King Rene I, he succeeded her brother John III in 1626, after a brief civil war, aided by her husband, Emperor Isaac VII of the Romans. She abdicated in 1636, after Isaac's death, and her only child with the former Emperor, Isaac VIII, became King of Naples and Roman Emperor. Naples and Constantinople were thus united. Joanna became the first female Catepan of the newly created Catepanate of Italy and had to crush several revolts from the Catholic population.
[102] In his last years, Charles was forced to crush several revolts and France went bankrupt one year before he died.
[103] Queen consort of Ferdinand I who died in a shipwreck.
[104] In a war with Hungary he was able to annex some territory with Roman support. When he was a child, he married Efsevia Komnena, daughter of Emperor Andronikos III Komnenos.