POLITICS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM OF ENGLAND AND THE NETHERLANDS
The Parliamentary system is virtually the same as in OTL. Of course the Palace of Westminster and Big Ben do not exist, since they were built after the POD. At the end of the Eighteenth Century it was decided that a new and larger parliament building was required and this was completed in 1802. The new Houses of Parliament, in Battersea, are in a style best described as "mock-seventeenth-century Dutch gothic" and are known for their maze-like interior, containing many courtyards and gardens, including roof-gardens.
The House of Commons contains 450 MPs, each representing a single constituency and elected by a numerical-choice system (that is, voters number the candidates they wish to elect in order of preference). The current (2010) composition of the House of Commons is as follows.
Tory Party - 228
Liberal Party - 190
Anarchists - 13
New Party - 5
Dutch Nationalists - 5
Welsh Nationalists - 5
Independents - 4
Speaker of the House of Commons - 1
The Prime Minister is Mr Herbert Robinson, a balding, bearded, slightly overweight man, known for his ready wit. As a politician, he is a centrist. Before entering politics he was a university lecturer in Classical literature and history. The government has a majority of only seven, and so cannot enact any radical policies.
The Leader of the Opposition is Mr Ryutaro Sawamatsu. He is a radical who became leader of his party due to a fluke. He has his admirers, raving fans even, but most people regard him as an eccentric. His ideas might be described as a mixture of classical liberalism, egalitarianism and futurism. He is an elderly Japanese man (born in the UK) whose trim white hair, moustache and beard make him look a little like a magician. Before entering politics he was an entrepreneur.
Anarchist MPs represent a variety of political (anarchist) philosophies, but generally united in voting against the government of the day. Their presence in Parliament is due to protest voting against the two established political parties rather than genuine support for anarchism.
The New Party (formed 1874) is a home for all those people and ideas too left-wing to be entertained by the left-wing of the Liberal Party. They used to be much more popular - five MPs is a real low point for them.
The Dutch and Welsh Nationalists want their respective nations to secede from the United Kingdom and become Viceroyalties. They feel the United Kingdom is too dominated by England and the English and that their national identities are withering away. Both parties generally support the Liberal Party, but the Dutch Nationalists tend to be more right-wing than the Welsh Nationalists.
The House of Lords is relatively unreformed compared to OTL. It has the power to reject bills outright rather than just delay them. It consists of members of the aristocracy (NB the firstborn son OR DAUGHTER inherits the title and peers must pass on their title after the age of 65), and Archbishops and Bishops of the Church of England (who also must retire at 65). There is no such thing as life peers. The Monarch, and not the Prime Minister, retains the de facto power to create new peers and by tradition does so rarely.
Clearly the House of Lords is sorely in need of reform. However, the Tory Party, which has been in power since 2002, has no wish to reform it since it has a natural majority of (small c) conservatives, and most attempts by the Liberal Party to reform it have been blocked by the House of Lords. The existence of a powerful and conservative House of Lords has meant that radical or progressive legislation almost always fails to make it into law in this UK. On the other hand, the Lords are independent of party politics, attendance at the House varies from day to day, and many Lords are quite unpredictable, so they occasionally surprise people by passing a piece of legislation that all the wisest commentators had down as a dead cert to be squashed.
At present the Liberal Party is setting the agenda, calling for greatly increased spending on science and technology, a more progressive system of taxation, more financial aid for the poorer members of the Imperial Commonwealth, more pressure on foreign (non IC) governments to fall into line on various issues, and the privatisation of the UK education system. The limits of the Tory Party's ambitions are to reduce taxes and relieve the bureaucratic burden on businesses. One issue that concerns voters, but is ignored by both parties, is the extent to which both Tory and Liberal MPs are in hock to powerful financial interests.