1851: A Yearly Wrapup
Left: American Marshal Hannibal Glas
Right: General William J. "Old Reliable" Hardee of Georgia
In July 1850, Marshal Hannibal Glas and his Grand Army of New York had broken the Georgian siege of Chattanooga and freed General Albert Sidney Johnston and his army from starvation. Following this disaster for the Georgians, General Benjamin Humphreys was sacked in favor of General William J. Hardee. Educated in Europe, Hardee was a strategist who had commanded the Georgian war effort from Atlanta since its start in 1849. Hardee was only 34, but highly trusted by Georgian President J.C.M. Towns. Bringing up fresh men from Atlanta, Hardee wasted no time in reorganizing the stragglers from Humphrey’s debacle, bringing his numbers to 48,000. Opposing him was Glas’ New Yorkers, with nearly 90,000 men. The rest of the year was a campaign of movement, as Glas attempted to force his large force through the mountains of northern Georgia. Hardee setup miraculous defenses, bleeding Glas for every foot of ground he gained. By the onset of winter, Glas, using a series of flanking maneuvers only possible due to his armies size, was able to force Hardee to Kennesaw Mountain, just 30 miles outside of Atlanta. But this took many months, the Americans had lost 15,000 men while the Georgian losses were negligible at best.
Right: General William Orlando Butler of Kaintuck
Center: Colonel Nathan Bedford Forrest of Kaintuck
Left: Colonel James Longstreet of Georgia
Other fronts were not as stable. 1850 saw the invasion of Muskogee by 35,000 Georgians troops. The American soldiers in the state numbered only in the hundreds, and the peninsula surrendered in a matter of weeks. Georgia would occupy the state for the rest of the war, although dissatisfied Americans would pinprick at them with potshots. In central Georgia, the countryside was set aflame by a small force of 15,000 Kaintuckains, composing mostly of cavalry. William Orlando Butler commanded them, and although a political appointment, he managed to garner fame for his tiny force. In particular, his second-in-command, Nathan Bedford Forrest, also a political appointment, became famous for his military expertise and personal bravery. All through northern Georgia they rode, keeping just ahead of local troops. They would only participate in 3 major battles during the war, one of which was a victory and the other two inconclusive. The Georgians were able to pay in kind though, as Colonel James Longstreet led his 700 men, remnants from the defeat in the Battle of Hill City, swept unopposed through Kaintuck.
Left: General Gustavus Woodson "Gawk" Smith of Kaintuck
Right: General Thomas J. Rusk of Georgia
Further west, the Army of West Kaintuck under Gustavus Smith made small movements into Georgian territory, although the presence of the equally sized Georgian army under General Thomas J. Rusk prevented major action. Although more and more of Rusk’s men were siphoned off to handle the growing problem of Butler’s cavalry.