The 1946 British institutional referendum was held on the 7th March 1946 to determine whether the United Kingdom would retain its monarchy or abolish the institution and become a republic. The referendum had been one of the policy planks of Clement Attlee’s Labour government, in response to the opposition of many of the party’s members to the behaviour of King Edward VIII.
Republicanism had been growing in strength in Britain since the ascension of King Edward VIII to the throne in 1936, as he became the centre of controversy over his courtship of an American divorcee, Wallis Simpson. While he wished to marry Simpson, the opposition of the prime ministers of the UK and the Dominions (and the possibility of the British government resigning and a general election being forced) meant his aides cut communications between him and Simpson and forced him to remain King.
This ultimately proved extremely detrimental to both Edward (who was reportedly greatly depressed by these actions) and the British public, and Edward’s association with the ‘Cliveden set’, a group of upper-class socialites who favoured cooperation with Nazi Germany, made him and the monarchy deeply unpopular with Britons, particularly when World War II started in 1939.
Once Winston Churchill became Prime Minister in 1940 and Britain cracked down on pro-Axis sentiment among the public, Edward became silent on the issue, but many people still believed him to be staying quiet out of fear of punishment by the government and not because he genuinely opposed Nazism. He also seemed to show little solidarity with the British public during the Blitz, and many were suspicious of the Nazis’ decision to bomb the House of Commons, but not Buckingham Palace.
The conditions of the referendum (such as the wording of the question- “Should the United Kingdom become a republic or remain a monarchy?”- and the date) were agreed during the early months of the Attlee government in mid-to-late 1945, and it was decided for the sake of civility that both Attlee and Edward would remain publicly neutral and would not partake in campaigning.
Perhaps unsurprisingly, the referendum proved heavily partisan, as Labour voters overwhelmingly favoured the republic option and Conservatives and Unionists advocated for the monarchy; there were even reports of voter suppression in Northern Ireland, where over 81% of the vote went to the monarchy option and 96% of voters in County Down voted for the monarchy, more than any other county in the country.
Despite this, public sympathy for the royal family was extremely low, and leftist Labour politicians such as Nye Bevan and Stafford Cripps stressed that the tax breaks offered to the royals and the upkeep of their property could be put into policy programmes which would benefit the public.
By far the most vociferous opponent of the republican side was, surprisingly, not the major leaders of the Opposition Churchill and Anthony Eden (though both spoke strongly in opposition of republicanism, Churchill’s attacks were blunted by his abrasive relationship to Edward and Eden was rather badly overshadowed by more famous politicians), but Prime Minister of Northern Ireland Basil Brooke. Unfortunately for the monarchists, Brooke’s abrasive nature made him an awkward figurehead, and his vocal anti-Catholicism did not go down as well with mainland Britons as it had with Ulster Protestants, who saw him as a bigot reminiscent of the Axis they had spent five and a half years fighting.
When the referendum was finally held, every nation comprising the United Kingdom voted in favour of republicanism except, as mentioned, Northern Ireland; Wales voted most strongly for it, with 58.3% of its voters and every county except Montgomeryshire supporting republicanism, whilst 54.7% of Scots and 52.2% of English voters also backed the republic option.
The result proved an upset, as by a majority of 53.2% to 46.8%, the UK voted to abolish its monarchy and become a republic. Some analysts have suggested the result was at least partly down to the ‘Edward factor’, as voters knew Edward would probably remain king for a long time to come should the Monarchy side win.
Edward abdicated on the 10th March and moved to France to retire, though much of the rest of the Windsor family remained in Britain and several of them, such as Edward’s brother Prince Albert and his daughters Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret, were made peers of the House of Lords (one of the provisions the republican side had offered to compromise with advocates of the monarchy).
As a result of the referendum, the country's official title became the United Republic of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, or just Britain for short, and the office of President of Britain was created, with the first election taking place in the summer of 1950. Given that the election held that February had been so hard-fought and close, it was not surprising that the presidential election would prove to be a clash between two major politicians from the two main parties…
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