Apologies for doing something else rather than the Germany TL for the millionth time, but I just remembered
this old post of mine and wanted to try starting it again with a few retcons!
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The 1950 European Constituent Assembly election was the first election to the legislature of the federal body known as the United States of Europe, held on the 4th June 1950 (concurrently with that year’s Belgian general election). The federation, founded three years prior by collaboration between British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin, French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman, prominent figure in German foreign affairs Jakob Kaiser, Italian federalist Altiero Spinelli (whose Ventotene Manifesto was a notable influence on the union’s nature), Belgian Prime Minister Paul-Henri Spaak and Dutch Prime Minister of Foreign Affairs Herman van Roijen, had initially been formed due to the emergence of constitutional crises over the actions of communist parties in the governments of Czechoslovakia, Hungary and eastern Germany seeking to instigate one-party rule through ‘salami tactics’.
Intended as a democratic counterbalance to the Soviet Union’s enlargement of its sphere of influence in the region, the emergent federation received funding and support from the United States through the Marshall Plan and the North Atlantic Treaty (which was how Iceland and Norway were enrolled into the federation). Delegations from each country were gathered to negotiate what ultimately became the Treaty of Berlin, where with US and UN endorsement, a loose federation of European countries was agreed and a withdrawal from government by the Communist parties in Czechoslovakia and Hungary was forced, effectively preventing them becoming satellite states of the Soviet Union.
The powers of the USE remained vague at this time, aside from a commitment of the members to liberal democracy and a pledge towards future trade agreements. As a demonstration of the members’ support for these principles, the Treaty of Berlin stipulated a European Parliament with 750 members (a set number that would be reallocated between countries if and when new member states joined) would be convened at an election every 5 years from 1950 onwards. A constituent assembly was to be convened after the 1950 election to write a federal constitution that would define the details of the federation’s jurisdiction and powers.
Prior to the election, five major alliances were formed between parties of different ideologies in the various member states. First, Spinelli oversaw the formation of the Alliance of Socialists, a predominantly social democratic and democratic socialist grouping; members included the British, Dutch, Irish and Norwegian Labour Parties, the Austrian, Czechoslovak, Danish, German, Hungarian, Icelandic and Swedish Social Democrats, the Belgian and Italian Socialists and the French SFIO. All the members were united in their support for interventionist economics, but they were more divided on what form European cooperation would take and how far it should go, both between nations and within the member parties. The alliance performed well across the federation, and generally came first or second in all countries where the communists were not the dominant part of the left (in practice, everywhere except France, Italy and Hungary).
Second, the pro-European centre and centre-right convened into a group called the People’s Alliance, which consisted mostly of Christian democratic parties such as the Belgian, (most of) the Dutch, German and Italian Christian Democrats, the Austrian and Czechoslovak People’s Parties, the French MRP and the Irish Fianna Fáil. It also included some more secular conservative parties like the British, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish Conservative Parties and the Hungarian Independent Smallholders (who at this point were pro-European because of the federation’s role in preventing a communist takeover). The People’s Alliance were the reverse of the Socialists ideologically in that their economic and social agenda differed while they were united by support for European cooperation over trade and opposition to communism.
Third was the Alliance of Liberals, spearheaded by the French politician (who became Prime Minister a month after the constituent assembly election) René Pleven and German President Theodor Huss, and initially led by Danish politician Jørgen Jørgensen. The Liberals incorporated a broad mix of left-liberal parties like the Belgian, British and Norwegian Liberals, the French Radicals, the Italian Republicans, the Czechoslovak National Socialists and the Danish Radikale Venstre, and more right-liberal ones such as the Dutch VVD, the German FDP, the Irish Fine Gael (who joined the group as much to avoid being in the same group as Fianna Fáil as because of ideology) and the Swedish Liberals. Generally they were the most enthusiastically pro-European of the main parties and championed social liberalism and open trade across the federation, though they only topped the polls in a small number of regions and areas.
Fourth, and most ideologically simple, was the Communist Alliance, represented by the various communist parties across Europe. Led by French former minister Maurice Thorez, the Communists were at this point closely aligned with the Cominform and subject to an implicit
cordon sanitaire by the other parties; the only reason they were allowed to contest the election at all was as a concession of the Treaty of Berlin to prevent Soviet intervention in the countries within its sphere of influence. Their support was localised to the parts of France, Hungary and Italy where they had significant enough strength to supersede the more popular and more moderate Socialists.
Finally, the smallest party was the National Alliance. While later on it would become the main party of right-wing populists and Eurosceptics, initially it was more agrarian, protectionist and moderate in its Eurosceptic character, opposing free trade while supporting an anti-communist alliance between nations. It was strongest by far in Iceland, where both the main parties, the Independence Party and Progressive Party, were members, but also did well in Czechoslovakia, Norway and Sweden thanks to existing agrarian movements in those countries and in France thanks to the fleeting popularity of the Gaullist RPF. Its rural character contributed to its poor showing, as much like the Communists being challenged by the Socialists on the other end of the spectrum, it had to compete with the People’s Alliance, which was vastly more popular across most of the federation.
With more than 171 million registered voters across the federation, the election was reported to be the largest in world history up to that point (though the following year the first election in independent India would surpass it). The Constituent Assembly, as expected due to both its proportionally elected character and its disparate ideological character, did not give any alliance a majority, but the Socialists came out narrowly ahead of the People’s Alliance. Since Spinelli was considered to be the main authority on European cooperation, he managed to secure the support of a majority of the Constituent Assembly’s members to be elected the first European Chancellor.