Most Americanists tend to refer to the 21st century as the "Century of Humiliation". While some historians have criticized the term as a Chinese calque, most American citizens would likely agree with the assessment: the 21st century saw American power and outreach wane in comparison with Old World giants and dynamic economies, and American voters elect a long line of lackluster leaders nowadays ranked alongside the likes of John Tyler, Benjamin Harrison and Jimmy Carter. Climate change, industrial and economic decline, the new space race, neo-regionalism - the Empire of Liberty ultimately found itself ill-equipped to deal with such issues even as most of her old enemies collapsed, reformed or both. With the entrenched two-party system failing to restore American hegemony, American citizens turned inwards, paying greater attention to proliferating "self-governing municipalities" and state legislatures than to Congress and the Presidency. The United States' defeat in the Second Mexican-American War (2091-2094), which would see Mexico triumphantly integrate Cuba and Puerto Rico, would further diminish American trust in their party system, but also result in the blossoming of reformist and nationalist movements, chief among them being the Sovereign America Committee.
This activity would bear fruit during the 2096 presidential election, resulting in the victory of Admiral William Luria. Elected as a Democratic candidate on the platform of military and space agency reform as well as a comprehensive urban revitalization program that would bring flood-damaged cities closer to the likes of New Venice and Saigon, Luria saw himself become a lame-duck President as Congress opposed his attempts to limit the activity of Free Economic Zones and municipal political machinery, and few foreign leaders were impressed by Luria's brash, arrogant attitude. Nonetheless, many citizens wept when Luria died on 4 July 2099, in a fireworks misfire which conspiracy theorists allege to this day to have been a CIA-ordered assassination. Luria's successor, former Mayor of NYC Rafael Cuomo, was a dynasty man through and through, a centrist who nonetheless wielded strong support from the New York City Reconstruction Agency, and who ultimately won the 2100 presidential election on sympathy votes against a Republican candidate who spoke a little
too favorably of Indian presence in the San Francisco Free Economic Zone.
The 2104 presidetial election would prove to be Cuomo's bane. First of all, the 2100 presidential election's aftermath saw significant activity on part of third parties, with 2102 midterms seeing governorships and Congressional seats go to parties which were previously represented on the state level - the Socialists, the Christian Unionists, the Land Tax League,
et cetera. Secondly, Cuomo's attempt to break up the Sovereign America Committee, which opposed the suppression of the Cadien Communities' Association, was poorly received by just about everyone. Thirdly, Cuomo still managed to win an Electoral College majority while winning 36% of the popular vote, due to voter suppression in certain states and the sheer variety of opposition parties. All across the country, people demanded that their legislatures call for a constitutional convention; they quickly found their champion in Thomas Brandt, four-star general and distinguished veteran of the Second Mexican-American War, who soon led a million man march on the Capitol Hill.
Cuomo resigned, leaving the Presidency in the hands of Henry Peterson, a mild-mannered, pliable ex-Secretary of the Interior; he was eager to cooperate with the American reformist movement and, in a March speech, professed his wholehearted support for a "second Constitutional Convention", giving a go-ahead to America's governors and state legislatures. More than that, Peterson invited Tom Brandt to serve as his "co-President", and the four-star general humbly accepted.
The Second Constitutional Convention was not to be a quick affair, adjourning multiple times as it had to await the report of the Committee of Detail. Several journalists - among them ACRA activist Sanford "Sonny" Jackson - questioned the Convention's legitimacy, with Vox's August 11 article suggesting that the Committee of Detail was "dominated" by Sovereign America Committee reps. Nonetheless, the Convention was ultimately successful in drafting a Constitution, which established America as an officially nonpartisan state with considerable emphasis on independent, merit-based civil service as well as applied AI-controlled management. The Meritocratic Constitution (or the Brandt Constitution, as it was referred to by its detractors) did not sit well with Western state governors, who decried the proposed amendments strengthening the executive office, including (but not limited to) the power to remove state governors on basis of criminal charges. Tom Brandt and the Sovereign America Committee strongly defended the proposal, presenting the vote on ratification as a vote on America's unity and sovereignty.
By October 2105, 34 states have ratified the Brandt Constitution, two states short of complete application; however, the Texas Legislature's extremely narrow ratification was vetoed by socialist Governor Edwin Stoddard, earning the ire of the Sovereign America Committee. In Louisiana and Mississippi, where the Delta communes and the Mississippi Economic Free Zone held considerable sway, the vote was stalled to the point where the Presidents of the two states' Senates ultimately declared that they would prefer "incoming legislators" to vote on ratification, meaning that it would have to wait until 2106. The SAC's response was to encourage state-by-state referendums on ratification "where it was possible", with additional supervision from Convention-appointed observers. As the majority of U.S. states that had referendums also opposed ratification, several Western state governors demanded that Brandt and Peterson refrain from appointing election observers, citing "reasonable suspicion of electoral misconduct". Further issues arose when the legislatures of Colorado, Iowa, New Hampshire and Hawaii rescinded their ratifications in a manner which SAC spokesmen contended was illegal. Militiamen besieged state capitols and clashed with police while SAC members demanded a full investigation of legislators deemed responsible for the rescission.
Tensions came to a head when two events occurred: the Jackson terrorist attack and the Harlem explosion. The first incident took place on November 1, 2105, when a group of terrorists attacked the Mississippi State Capitol, apparently intending to intimidate the state legislature into rejecting the Brandt Constitution; however, the terrorists were quickly detained by the state guard, and the attack propelled pro-ratification State Senator Vince Pickering to the governor's seat. The second incident took place on December 5, during a rally of the Sovereign America Committee. The massacre which took the lives of 122 people - among them Rico Mari, a leading member of both the Generation of '94 and the Sovereign America Committee - was readily pinned on Rhea Martinez, a Mexicali-born engineer with a history of involvement in socialist organizations and a vocal opponent of the Brandt Constitution. In addition to inflaming anti-Mexican sentiment, the Harlem explosion provided Brandt and Peterson with a justification for stringent antiterrorist measures. These events only increased enmity between the Meritocrats and their opponents, as
Vox and other anti-ratificationist media put forward reports suggesting SAC involvement in the Jackson attack.
In February, protesters took to the streets of Washington D.C., calling for President Peterson to dismiss Thomas Brandt and reshuffle the Second Constitutional Convention. Brandt and Peterson's response was to accuse the major anti-ratificationist leaders - head of ACRA Sonny Jackson, former Louisiana congressman Mortimer "Morty" Beauregard and Texas Governor Edwin Stoddard among others - of stoking "anti-American sentiment". Soon enough, arrest warrants were issued against the three, causing governors of anti-ratificationist states - by that point referred to as Localists - to declare Brandt's actions unconstitutional. As soon as Tom Brandt took control of the White House following Peterson's mysterious incapacitation and declared martial law, the Second American Civil War broke out.
((OOC: I'd like to credit @machinekng for his excellent 2068 USA basemap, having edited it for the purposes of this box))