To Kindle a Fire: No Henry Clay
1817-1825: James Monroe (Jeffersonian)
VP: Daniel D. Tompkins (1817-1821), Vacant (1821-1825)
Def. 1820: John Q. Adams/John Tod (Jeffersonian)
Missouri statehood was very contentious, and the OTL compromise failed to pass before the 1820 election. Northerners blamed Monroe's lack of support and run John Quincy Adams against him. The splinter Jeffersonians came very close, but Pennsylvania narrowly handed Monroe a second term. The compromise eventually passed narrowly, but not before threats of secession and warnings of civil war left the nation deeply divided, and the stress killed Vice-President Tompkins. The seeds of an Era of Good Feelings that had been planted in Monroe's first term never bore fruit, and instead the nation threatened to come apart at the seems.
1825-1831: Smith Thompson* (Nationalist)
VP: John C. Calhoun
Def. 1824: Nathaniel Macon/Martin Van Buren (Old Republican), Andrew Jackson/John C. Calhoun (Democratic)
Def. 1828: George Troup/Hugh L. White (Democratic)
Adams declined a second run, leaving Navy Secretary Smith Thompson to take up the mantle of the North His presidency was turbulent, dominated by his efforts to fund infrastructure and the Militia Crisis with Georgia. Thompson's refusal to condone a treaty between Georgia and the Muscogee Indians led to Governor Troup calling up the state militia, while Thompson urged Congress to provide troops to suppress the insurrection. Ultimately, Troup backed down, but southern resentment only grew. Thompson, despite losing some of his southern allies, won a second term. His second term saw tension with South Carolina over a proposed tariff increase, and South Carolina, joined by Georgia, passed laws nullifying the tariff. Georgia also passed laws targeting the Cherokee Indians, aiming to seize their lands. Thompson reacted swiftly to the two crises, calling for a second force bill and urging the Supreme Court to protect the Cherokee from encroachment. The Court ruled in the Cherokee's favor, but the President was forced to accept Calhoun's mediation in peacefully settling the tariff dispute. Things seemed to finally be settling down, when the President was assassinated by a penniless former gold prospector from Georgia...
1831-1833: John C. Calhoun (Nationalist)
VP: Vacant
Southerners were hopeful that native son Calhoun would pursue a less centralist policy than his slain predecessor, but these hopes were dashed. Calhoun moved quickly to consolidate power, taking the oath of office and declaring himself President, angering conservative southerners who expected him to simply become Acting-President. Calhoun also refused a law slashing the tariff, imploring his fellow southerners to understand that some level of tariff was needed to keep the government solvent. However, he also didn't endear himself to northerners, his ardent support of slavery and calls to annex Texas angering the increasingly anti-slavery north. Even so, he declared his intent to run for a full term early on, but predictably lost.
1833-1841: Thomas Hart Benton (Democratic)
VP: Henry A. P. Muhlenberg
Def. 1832: Richard Rush/Nathan Sanford (Nationalist), Langdon Cheves/Jesse B. Thomas (Republican) John C. Calhoun/None (Nationalist)
Def. 1836: John W. Taylor/William Sprague III (Nationalist), Joseph Ritner/Solomon Southwick (Anti-Masonic), George McDuffie/Hugh L. White (Republican)
Benton represented a new kind of politics, directly linked to Andrew Jackson's strong third place in 1824. He stood for the people, and against the elites and the bank. His presidency was dominated by the intransigence of the Confederalists, who subscribed to the theory of nullification, and his efforts to end the National Bank. The latter was unsuccessful, though Benton did manage to weaken it in favor of private, state banks. He also passed laws facilitating the settlement of the west, but failed to either annex Texas or settle the Oregon dispute. He was also forced to grapple with a slave revolt in Virginia, where in 1834, a slave named Nat Turner led a rebellion that killed nearly 200 whites before local militias ruthlessly suppressed the uprising. In the north, talk of the slave uprising was quickly dominated by the brutality of the reprisals, and the Nationalists became increasingly divided between moderates and abolitionists. The emergence of the Anti-Masonic party and the election of the abolitionist minister Barton Stone as Governor of Kentucky in 1836 only heightened this divide. The twin questions of slavery and national identity dominated Benton's turbulent presidency, but he presided over a mostly strong economy, leaving office just four months after a severe economic crisis began.
1841-1845: John Sergeant (Nationalist)
VP: Thurlow Weed
Def. 1840: William Carroll/Martin Van Buren (Democratic), Robert Y. Hayne/John Rowan (Republican)
Sergeant was nominated as a result of the electoral fusion between abolitionist Nationalists and Anti-Masonics, and the joint ticket ran on not only economic nationalism, but opposition to the expansion of slavery. Unfortunately, the Sergeant/Weed ticket narrowly defeated William Carroll just in time for the Panic of 1840. Despite a bankruptcy relief bill and other measures to alleviate private debt, the economy failed to improve fast enough. The controversy over Texas and Oregon only added to his unpopularity, and Sergeant was defeated for a second term. Despite losing office, the Nationalist-Anti-Masonic alliance endured...
1845-1849: Abel P. Upshur (Republican)
VP: James Buchanan
Def. 1844: Martin Van Buren/James Buchanan (Democratic), John Sergeant/Thurlow Weed (Nationalist)
Upshur, a former ally of Benton and ardent expansionist, abandoned the Democrats over Benton's reluctance to pursue expansion. Joining the Republicans, Upshur ran on a platform of tariff reduction, small government, and territorial expansion, cutting into the Democrats' northern support. The ensuing deadlocked race was decided by an agreement with Martin Van Buren: Upshur would become President, and Van Buren's running mate James Buchanan would ascend to the vice presidency, along with a number of Democrats joining the cabinet. The new administration functioned rather well, given that it contained both Democrats and Republicans. Upshur successfully circumvented the treaty system by annexing Texas via joint resolution, and then instigated war with Mexico. The war was a decisive American victory, and Upshur was able to annex not only Texas, but much of northern Mexico as well. The ensuing debate over the Oregon border (which Upshur settled at the 49th Parallel) and the Mexican Cession threw the government into turmoil, however. Anti-slavery Democrats and Nationalists joined forces to ban slavery in the new territories, and this bill passed the House and Senate. Upshur vetoed the bill, demanding that funding for purchasing the land from Mexico place no restrictions on slavery below the Missouri Compromise line. A hasty compromise was assembled by John Crittenden, carving out California, Utah, and Sonora as free territory and banning slavery in the rest. However, Upshur's veto enraged the north, who saw it as a naked attempt to expand slavery.
1849-1853: Zachary Taylor (Independent Nationalist)
VP: William O. Butler
Def. 1848: Joseph Smith/Abraham Lincoln (Nationalist), Sam Houston/William O. Butler (Democratic)
Taylor was the second President in a row elected via contingent election, winning over southern moderates to defeat Joseph Smith, a businessman, Methodist leader, and staunch abolitionist. Taylor governed effectively as an independent, with only the support of the dwindling conservative Nationalists and moderate Republicans. Statehood was granted for the free states of Oregon and California and the slave states of Pacifica and New Mexico. He supported the efforts of Stephen Douglass and Lewis Cass to hold votes in Kansas, Utah, and Sonora over the status of slavery, but this embrace of popular sovereignty only resulted in intense bloodshed, while men like John Brown and Robert Rhett began openly advocating slave rebellion on one hand and secession on the other. By the time Taylor retired in 1853,the west was plunged into terrible bloodshed, where men like John Brown cut their teeth. It was clear that the frayed Union was on the brink of dissolution, and all that was needed was a spark.
1853-1857: David Wilmot (Free Democratic)
VP: Jed Colbath
Def. 1852: Jefferson Davis/Samuel Cox (Republican-Democratic), Willie P. Mangum/Thomas Corwin (Nationalist)
Wilmot ran with a Nationalist, the abolitionist Jed Colbath of Massachusetts, in an alliance of the various free soil factions in northern politics. He was elected on a platform of stopping slavery's growth, which inevitably led to conflict. Shortly after his inauguration, much of the south seceded, and the nation was plunged into civil war. Wilmot was regarded as an able wartime commander at first, but his elevation of fellow Democrat John C. Fremont to command of Union forces in Tennessee resulted in a series of humiliating defeats that resulted in a Union withdrawal to Bowling Green. Despite advances in Missouri, the failure of Union forces to capture Richmond or New Orleans hurt morale. However, the south was forced to fight an internal war, as John Brown went south with stores of weapons to foment a slave rebellion. His rebellion grew from a feeble militia into a fearsome army that occupied much of South Carolina and secured the support of the long-suffering Cherokee in Georgia. This was contrasted in the abolitionist press to Wilmot's rather inept leadership. As the 1856 election approached and the war dragged on, many voters hoped for a change, a change who could finally win the war and "overturn the mighty king..."
1857-0000: John Brown (Freedom)
VP: Charles Sumner
Def. 1856: David Wilmot/Salmon P. Chase (Free Democratic), William L. Marcy/Franklin Pierce (Peace)