View attachment 767084
View attachment 767085
The
Darién Campaign, also known as the
Battle of the Isthmus and codenamed
Operation Bulldog by British forces, was a military campaign fought between 13 September 1941 and 8 November 1942 was an attempt by forces of the Berlin Accord to capture the Panama Canal. German and British planners, flush with victory after the destruction of the US Atlantic Fleet in August and the seizure of Nova Scotia, were certain that the seizure of the Panama Canal would prove crippling to the American war effort by preventing reinforcements from either the US Pacific Fleet or its Japanese ally, forcing Roosevelt to the peace table. In addition, the Accord hoped to secure access to South American oil supplies in Venezuela and Mexico through new trade agreements once the US was no longer in a position to enforce the Monroe Doctrine. After some initial successes with the unopposed landings of the joint Accord expeditionary force at Turbo, Colombia, on September 8th (facilitated by a pro-Accord
coup d'etat on September 6th) the capture of both Colón and the Caribbean entrance to the Canal on October 3rd, the combined American and Panamanian resistance prevented further gains and the campaign quickly developed into a stalemate. Both sides would battle all over the Isthmus and western Colombia for the next 14 months.
The geographical characteristics of Isthmus and the Darién Gap region meant that weather, disease and terrain had a major effect on operations. The lack of reliable infrastructure in the region placed an emphasis on military engineering and air transport to move and supply troops, and evacuate wounded. The British/German forces were beset extreme difficulties in maintaining their forces, reliant on extremely long supply lines to Europe, under constant harassment by a combination of long range bombers operating out of the mainland US, submarines and the extremely effective surface raiding led by the fast battleships
USS North Carolina and
USS Washington. This was further complicated by the lack of overland supply routes from their base in the western regions of the newly established puppet “Protectorate of New Grenada”. An attempt to clear a path through the Darién Gap using slave labor and POWs eventually triggered an insurgency by former members of the Colombian armed forces and several indigenous groups throughout the region.
The American/Panamanian forces in the region, consisting of the understrength Panama Canal Division and the under-equipped National Police, initially seemed destined to follow the poor performance seen during the capture of Puerto Rico (a special commando unit of British and German Americans dressed in US uniforms captured the island HQ and forced a nearly bloodless surrender) and in Nova Scotia, where poorly trained and equipped National Guard units rapidly transported to the front were outclassed by the seasoned Accord forces. But allied fortunes were bolstered by the arrival in late October of US Army Major General Terry de la Mesa Allen. After relieving the well respected but ineffective BG Jay MacKelvie, Allen set about to whip American forces into shape. Taking advantage of the unique geography of the region and the Canal itself (Allen scuttled several obsolete destroyers and cruisers in Gatun Lake to use as improvised fortifications against the furious objections of the Navy) gave its defenders, the former cavalryman began utilizing a strategy of mobile defense, utilizing small units to harass both the enemy frontlines and supply corridors. This was bolstered by the continual buildup and reinforcement of what would eventually be the US Fourth Army by both existing National Guard units from the western and Rocky Mountain states and eventually the deployment of the elite 109th Infantry Division from the Japanese Imperial Army.
Once Allen finally reached parity with the invading forces in late summer 1942 (reinforcements and supplies to the Canadian front had taken priority in the initial phase of the war), he launched his counteroffensive, code named
Operation Pickoff. Working in concert with by a series of partisan attacks against Accord occupation HQ in Bogotá and buoyed by the recent arrival by the fresh Japanese troops, Allen made rapid gains against the invaders. The combined British/German expeditionary force had been steadily weakened by a combination of tropical diseases, constant guerrilla activity and only limited reinforcement and resupply due to setbacks in other theaters. The British commander Percival was especially ineffective, choosing to continually send glowing status reports back to London and refusing any attempts to restrain the excesses of his troops or those of his German ally against Colombian and Panamanian citizens. His eventual surrender of nearly 125,000 diseased and starving Accord troops on November 8th sent shockwaves in Berlin and in London, with Queen Wallis being overheard as saying “This is the beginning of the end”. Sadly, Allen did not live to take Percival’s surrender after his Jeep was struck near Turbo by naval artillery (believed to be from
HMS Edward VIII) on November 1st.
edit: some grammar cleanup, corrected opening sentence.