I wrote a sequel
to my post in the previous wikibox thread in which MLK runs for President in 1984. James Earl Ray misses in 1968 and Nixon defeats Edmund Muskie in 1972. Without the example of McGovern, Democrats are more willing to take a chance on a radical nominee in 1984.
A Dream Deferred
The POD of this timeline is that Martin Luther King survives being shot, and takes the place of Jesse Jackson as the founder of the Rainbow Coalition. Without his martyrdom, King remains unpopular among white Americans and is a controversial and divisive figure. King's support for school busing in the 1970s, opposition to American foreign policy and continuing protests against racial inequality make him widely loathed. However, when he runs for President in the Democratic primaries in 1984, he consolidates the black vote and emerges first in a crowded primary.
His general election opponent, Republican President Strom Thurmond, ascended to the Presidency in an unusual manner. Shortly after President Reagan was killed by John Hinckley, President Bush and Speaker O'Neill were killed in the same plane crash before Bush could appoint a Vice President. As President Pro Tempore, Thurmond was thus next in the line of succession. Thurmond surprised many when he announced his re-election bid despite being an octogenarian. While the King campaign attacked Thurmond as a racist, Thurmond attacked King as a Communist-leaning radical who would capitulate to the Soviet Union. Many Americans were offended by King directly calling Thurmond a white supremacist, and moderate Democrats denounced King's remarks as inflammatory. In addition to red-baiting, Thurmond attacked King as emblematic of the 1960s, while Thurmond promised to return to the 1950s. While Thurmond avoided commenting on his segregationist past, he launched vicious attacks against King on the issues of crime and "law and order". The Thurmond campaign ran ads stating that a King presidency would result in riots and anarchy. Thurmond also raised the issue of drugs, warning that King's support for legalized drug laws would result in "urban gangsters endangering our children." Many Democratic politicians in the South switched parties rather than associate with King.
Thurmond won every state in the biggest landslide in American history. The Republicans took control of the House of Representatives for the first time in decades, with Democratic candidates losing across the country. Thurmond won over 70% of the White vote. The defeat of King was seen as a clear repudiation of the civil rights movement, and Thurmond hinted shortly after his re-election that he would seek to overturn some of the Civil Rights movement's other achievements.
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A Dream Deferred, Part 2
Although he was reluctant to directly involve himself in electoral politics, King was compelled to run for President under the suspicion that Thurmond would seek to reimpose segregation. Jesse Jackson spent years cajoling King into running for President. While conservative, Thurmond's status as a placeholder President left him cautious in revealing his true agenda. However, after Thurmond was elected to a term in his own right, the Thurmond administration took a hard right turn. Emboldened by King's unpopularity, the Thurmond administration passed legislation which effectively repealed the Voting Rights Act in 1985. Southern states flurried to impose nominally race-neutral voting restrictions which prevented millions of African-Americans from voting. The Thurmond administration banned affirmative action, passed welfare reform, and aggressively ignored the AIDS crisis. The Thurmond administration passed extremely draconian policies as part of the War on Crime. Thurmond's Justice Department proposed "Broken Windows" sentencing and policing guidelines, which were adapted by state and local governments. By the year 2000, there were over 5 million prisoners in the United States, who were disproportionately African-American. The Thurmond administration took an openly hostile attitude towards most African-American organizations, whom they derided as King-associated radicals. Epitomizing the Thurmond administration's approach to race relations was the appointment of Jeff Sessions, a junior circuit court judge from Alabama, to the Supreme Court in 1987.
Thurmond's nomination of Sessions sparked a firestorm of controversy in the Senate. Ted Kennedy attacked Sessions as a segregationist and a racist. Sessions' position on voting rights was harshly criticized by black leaders including Martin Luther King. King accused Sessions of being explicitly hostile to racial equality, claiming he was an unrepentant and undisguised racist. King organized protests against the Sessions nomination, to the displeasure of Senate Judiciary Chairman Joe Biden. While Biden voted against Sessions in committee and on the Senate floor, Biden feared that King's vocal opposition to Sessions would be damaging to the Democratic Party. King had extremely low approval ratings among white voters, polling showed that public support for Sessions actually increased following King's protests. King had multiple phone conversations with Joe Biden strategizing opposition to Sessions. However, after black protesters interrupted Sessions' confirmation hearing, Martin Luther King got into a heated argument with Thurmond's Communication Director Pat Buchanan on Meet the Press, with King defending the protesters. An edit of the interview was replayed on all the nightly news shows. Biden allegedly phoned King and told him to "just shut up, man." Footage of the protesters was used in TV advertisements by the Republican National Committee to highlight the supposed lawlessness of the Left. Although Sessions was narrowly confirmed, conservatives made a martyr out of him, claiming that the Democrats' supposed defamation of Sessions was the start of a campaign to attack ordinary Americans as racist for not adhering to political correctness.
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Despite earning the ire of civil rights activists for his poor treatment of anti-Sessions witnesses and public admonishing of protesters, Joe Biden nevertheless emerged as the Democratic nominee in 1988. Democrats hoped nominating a Senator from Delaware (close to the South) would appeal to blue collar collar voters in the South. Biden's moderation distanced him from left-wing groups like the Rainbow Coalition and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, but he was progressive enough to appeal to the Party base. In an attempt to appeal to Democratic voters who had defected to Thurmond in 1984, Biden nominated South Carolina Senator Fritz Hollings as his running mate. While Hollings was moderate on race, Biden hoped Hollings being a white man from South Carolina would attract racial conservatives and further distance Democrats from the disastrous electoral performance of Martin Luther King.
Despite Biden's efforts to distance himself from the man, the shadow of Martin Luther King hovered over Biden's campaign. Biden had supported King in 1984, and Republicans spent all of 1988 tying Biden to King's radicalism. Vice President Laxalt's campaign strategist Lee Atwater resurrected many of the same attack lines Atwater had used against King in 1984- Biden was soft on crime, supportive of homosexuals and welfare queens, and weak on communism. Atwater recognized that Thurmond's racism needed to be repackaged in a modern, less explicit format which gave Republicans more plausible deniability on charges of racism. Rather than debate racial issues directly, Atwater made opposition to political correctness a cornerstone of the Laxalt campaign. Liberals were oversensitive and censorious, Laxalt said, attacking ordinary Americans as racist simply for speaking common sense, or for being white. Democrats were attacked as "politically correct radicals" and King's vocal criticisms of the Thurmond administration's racial policies were cited as a prime example of political correctness. Anti-Biden advertisements displayed a picture of the Senator with Martin Luther King from 1984, which was seen by pundits as enormously damaging to Biden's popularity. Biden distanced himself publicly from King- King was not even invited to the 1988 Democratic National Convention, even though the Convention was hosted in King's hometown of Atlanta. Biden even avoided being photographed with African-American supporters of King for fear of alienating white Americans. Biden nevertheless did not directly criticize King or the Civil Rights Movement and promised to advance the interest of African-Americans as a gesture of goodwill towards black voters. In this respect, Biden was more supportive of King than future Democratic presidential nominees. Despite Biden's best efforts, King was so politically toxic four years after his presidential candidacy that Laxalt won in a landslide. Biden was seen as a weak candidate after his loss- some Democrats pointed to numerous gaffes he made. The same Democrats pointed towards Biden's non-denunciation of King as another reason for his defeat. Clearly Democrats would have to be more explicit in future elections- NO to the Reverend King.
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The Laxalt Administration continued President Thurmond's hardline positions on crime, drugs, and morality. Following the death of Justice Marshall, Laxalt appointed Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court. The collapse of the Soviet Union vindicated Laxalt's foreign policy and propelled him to victory over Al Gore in 1992. While Laxalt rarely mentioned King directly, Vice President Cheney, who was known for his blunt advocacy for "Law and Order" policies , did so frequently. After Martin Luther King made an appearance on Sesame Street, Cheney spearheaded a successful campaign to eliminate government funding for PBS. As voting restrictions were passed across the South, the number of black candidates winning office declined. The number of black professionals in the United States also decreased as black wealth shrunk. With fewer African-Americans able to vote, elected officials across the South became increasingly reactionary. Most notably, David Duke was elected Governor of Louisiana in 1991 following the implementation of new voting laws. President Laxalt condemned Governor Duke for being the former Grand Wizard of the KKK. Despite Laxalt's condemnation of Duke, liberals claimed that Duke's election was evidence of the Republican Party's racism. Duke launched an aborted primary bid against President Laxalt in 1992, which aided Laxalt in distancing the GOP from him. Nevertheless, Duke's election heralded the rise of a new generation of racist politicians, who were increasingly elected on a national basis as the United States underwent "Southernization."
After former President Nixon died in 1994, the Nixon Library released a tape of a phone call between President Nixon and then Governor of California Ronald Reagan. Discussing Martin Luther King's participation in Anti-War protests and opposition to the bombing of Cambodia, Reagan referred to King as "a monkey in a suit". Nixon laughed in response, and later repeated Reagan's comment to H.R Haldeman. While King had been placed on Nixon's enemies list, many still found it shocking that two former Presidents had privately made racist remarks about King. This revelation further damaged race relations and the reputation of the Republican Party. King himself was unsurprised. He had been harassed by Nixon's Dirty Tricksters and was spied upon by Nixon's FBI. Gordon Liddy had even proposed assassinating him. Of course they had called him a monkey.
1996 was a contentious year when it came to race. After nearly 16 years of declining living standards and increasingly harsh policies, African-Americans finally rebelled against the American government. In the 1990s, video cameras captured instances of police brutality, which were then publicized. Laxalt's second term saw the beginning of the Black Lives Matter movement, which protested against recorded instances of police brutality and police killings of African-Americans. After footage emerged of hip hop artist Tupac Shakur's murder at the hands of four white police officers, support for Black Lives Matter grew exponentially. Millions protested nationwide against the killing of Shakur and other African-Americans. Following frequent police attacks against the protests, riots broke out across the United States. African-Americans across the nation rioted against the racist policies of the Thurmond/Laxalt era, and it seemed that America was in the midst of a full blown revolution. Hundreds of protesters nationwide were killed by law enforcement. The killing of Chicago lawyer Barack Obama sparked the Chicago Riot of 1996, the deadliest riot of the year. Martin Luther King, who had marched with BLM protesters, reiterated his explanation on the causes of riots in a New York Times editorial: "A Riot is the language of the Unheard." New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani condemned the New York Times for publishing the editorial, claiming they were inciting violence. Giuliani lead a protest of police officers outside the New York Times Building; the police officers subsequently burned and looted the building while burning King in effigy. Giuliani's authorization of force against Black Lives Matter protesters by the NYPD was later investigated by federal prosecutors, although no formal charges were ever filed. Donald Trump took out ads in the New York Post following riots in New York, stating that BLM protesters should be indiscriminately shot. Trump further told the New York Post that Martin Luther King should be "beat up badly" and be sent to prison for "a very long time." Trump's personal attorney Roy Cohn sued Martin Luther King on behalf of the NYPD, claiming that King had incited the riots and that the police were entitled to damages. Trump held fundraisers to back Cohn's lawsuit.
Democratic presidential nominee Bill Clinton seized upon the editorial as a chance to separate himself from King. Speaking before the NAACP, Clinton condemned "the dangerous radicalism of Martin Luther King" and King's "politics of racial division" which incites "violence, hatred, and disorder." Pundits termed the term "Reverend King Moment" to refer to politicians condemning extremists within their own party. Bill Clinton was critical of Laxalt's record on race, but he nevertheless campaigned on a promise of "Law and Order", promising to be even harder on crime than the Republicans. While Clinton conceded that Laxalt's racist policies played a major role in inciting the Tupac Shakur Riots, he also nicknamed the President "Lax Laxalt" in reference to Laxalt supposedly being "soft" on rioters. Clinton chose conservative Democrat Joe Lieberman as his Vice President. Clinton easily defeated Dick Cheney in the 1996 Presidential Election.
With the election of Bill Clinton, the leadership of both political parties had directly repudiated the Civil Rights Movement. With the last Democratic President, Frank Church, having died in 1982, Clinton had undisputed control over the Democratic Party. He was the first Democrat to win election in 20 years, while more liberal candidates had failed. While making a handful of modest concessions to black Democratic congressmen (particularly with regards to political appointments), Clinton's crime bill, which included controversial "One Strike, You're Out" policies, was the subject of protests by Black Lives Matter. Clinton intended to outflank Republicans from the right on race and crime. Meeting with Congressional Black Caucus Chair James Clyburn, King questioned the CBC's support for President Clinton. King called Clinton "the successor to the Dixiecrats" and called upon Clyburn to openly criticize the Clinton administration. Clyburn declined to do so, stating that Clinton was preferable to the alternative. Clyburn then attacked King's activism as counterproductive, stating that his continued activism despite his unpopularity among white Americans was empowering Republicans. King encouraged Congressman John Lewis and other black congressmen to publish a letter criticizing Clinton's statements on race. While the CBC failed to stop the passage of Clinton's crime bill, Clinton agreed to support the reinstatement of the Voting Rights Act. The Supreme Court overturned Clinton's new voting law in 1999. Jeff Sessions wrote the majority opinion in
Texas vs Mikva. Texas Governor George W. Bush, who initiated the case suing the Justice Department in defense of Texas voting laws, applauded the decision. The conservatives on the Supreme Court had a 7-2 majority, thus providing a legal blockade against civil rights advances. Southern states had gradually tightened voting laws after the repeal of the Voting Rights Act. After
Texas vs Mikva stricter and stricter laws were passed all over the country. Following the Republican Revolution of 1998, Republican Senators voted down Clinton's proposed replacements for the late Justice Harry Blackmun. Trent Lott and Newt Gingrich lead the Republicans in obstructing everything. Clinton ultimately appointed Guido Calabresi to the seat. The Conservative majority on the Court continued to hand down decisions hostile to civil rights as Republicans moved further to the right following the election of Clinton. Having had a lock hold on the Presidency for 16 years, Republicans viewed Clinton as an usurper and embraced conspiracy theories following his election.
Despite the Republican takeover of Congress in 1998, Clinton defeated Governor Bush in the 2000 presidential election. Bush had attacked Clinton's Voting Rights Act, which he said was the pet project of the "radical socialist agitator Martin Luther King." While it was true that King was in a very grudging political coalition with Clinton, their previous sparring discredited Bush's line of attack. Black Lives Matter protests continued throughout the Clinton administration, which was seen as a liability for Democrats. The Milwaukee Riots of 1998 had contributed to Democratic defeats in 1998. At the dawn of the 21st Century, Clinton sought to put racial issues out of the forefront of the public consciousness. Clinton's second inaugural address boasted of having "consigned racism to the past century" and having brought America "on the cusp of a colorblind future." Al-Qaeda's destruction of the World Trade Center further allowed the Clinton administration to put racial issues on the backburner. King publicly opposed the invasion of Afghanistan and the Patriot Act. President Clinton, still stung by King's proxy Jesse Jackson challenging him in the 2000 Democratic primaries, ordered Vice President Lieberman to go after King. Lieberman attacked King as unpatriotic and a threat to national security. With broad backing for an expansive War on Terror in both parties, King was left politically isolated and completely irrelevant, although he attended anti-war rallies. Vice President Lieberman encouraged Clinton to take an especially hawkish response to terrorism, passing sweeping anti-terror legislation expanding government power and mandating National IDs. Lieberman's faction of hawkish Democrats induced Clinton into invading Iraq in 2003 to overthrow Saddam Hussein. While the war was authorized with bipartisan majorities, the war quickly became controversial. Leftists mobilized mass protests against the war, but since Clinton had so marginalized the left wing of the Democratic Party these protests had little political effect. Opposition to the war had a more pronounced effect on the right. Joe Lieberman was seen as the mastermind of the Iraq Invasion, which prompted the revival of anti-Semitic conspiracy theories when Lieberman ran for President in 2004. Pat Buchanan stated that the invasion of Iraq was planned by "liberal Zionists" although he otherwise supported tough anti-Terror policies. Buchanan's opposition to Iraq War, immigration, and veiled anti-Semitic attacks on Lieberman propelled him to the Republican nomination in 2004. During the general election, Buchanan downplayed his paleoconservative and white nationalist tendencies while continuing to criticize Lieberman's foreign policy. Despite losing the popular vote, Lieberman's victory in Florida won him the presidency.
The Iraq War worsened in 2005, and President Lieberman quickly became very unpopular. Paleoconservatives increased their influence in the GOP as the Lieberman administration was mired in Iraq. Populist protests broke out against President Lieberman, allowing Republicans to sweep Congress in 2006. Lieberman's appointment of Merrick Garland as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court inflamed fears of a Jewish takeover of the United States. Lieberman was seen as a lame duck in 2008, especially as America entered a recession. In expectation of a Republican victory, over a dozen candidates entered the 2008 Republican primaries. Former Governor George Bush was initially seen as the frontrunner. But that was before a party outsider, hated by the Republican establishment, launched a longshot bid for President, attacking immigrants as rapists and promising to build a wall along the U.S-Mexican border. An outsider running on the slogan America First declared he was going to change everything.
David Duke had opposed the Iraq War from the start, and had organized protests against the war. His anti-Semitism was seen as a hindrance to his national ambitions in the 1990s- his political advisors told him an anti-Black and anti-civil rights focus was a safer bet. But Duke appeared prescient to many conservatives in a time when a Jewish President had launched a war in the Middle East. The Civil Rights Movement was completely dead. Black Lives Matter had been suppressed by police and federal law enforcement. Duke's racism was not an issue- he was simply a more demagogic and extreme version of Pat Buchanan. Immigration and Iraq were more contentious. Duke sought to expand the contempt America had for Black people to all other minority groups- particularly Jews and Hispanics. Duke viciously attacked Bush's support for the Iraq War and support for Mexican immigrants while Governor of Texas during the 2008 primary debates. Bush's flustered response was filled with grammatical errors and clichés about "unity, not bigotry." Bush cratered in the polls, while Duke surged. Bush had sought to portray himself as the natural heir to Strom Thurmond, who was now idolized in the Republican Party as the President who defeated communism. Bush's career had been built on name recognition from his late father's brief presidency. But in truth, Duke was the real heir to Thurmond. So what if Duke was the former leader of the KKK? Hadn't Thurmond run for President on a segregationist third party ticket, and filibustered civil rights? Didn't Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott still maintain ties to the segregationist Conservative Citizen's Council? So what if Duke was a racist? Didn't Ronald Reagan call black people monkeys? Even Duke's Holocaust Denial and anti-Semitic conspiracy theories were not without precedent- Nixon had admitted privately to distrusting Jewish "bastards." Republicans had been paving a path for Duke for decades. The centrality of anti-Semitism to Duke's platform was new for Republicans; but the conservative rejection of the civil rights movement and embrace of bigotry made it easier to accept. In order to further tie himself to the legacy of Strom Thurmond and thus shore up support among Republicans who thought Duke's explicit racism went too far, Duke chose Joe Wilson as his Vice President. Senator Wilson of South Carolina was Thurmond's literal successor- he occupied Thurmond's former senate seat. As a more conventional conservative, he lent legitimacy to the Duke campaign. Governor Bush and Paul Laxalt refused to endorse Duke, but Pat Buchanan and Speaker Delay did. Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott, who had praised Thurmond's 1948 segregationist candidacy, endorsed Duke without enthusiasm or hesitation. He had always preferred the Conservative Citizen's Council to the gaucheness of the KKK, but he was a party man to the bone. Most Republicans followed Lott's example. Even Rudy Giuliani, who declared himself a friend to Jews while Mayor of New York, became a staunch defender of the Holocaust Denying Duke.
After winning the Republican presidential nomination, David Duke's campaign message went as expected. Duke frequently attacked Lieberman's "Zionist Warmongering" and accused Lieberman of deliberately destabilizing the United States on behalf of foreign powers. The surge of immigrants, Duke charged, was deliberately encouraged by Lieberman to dilute America's demographics and the power of ordinary Americans. Lieberman's campaign largely consisted of defending Lieberman's war record and accusing Duke of anti-Semitism and anti-Americanism. Duke, charged Lieberman, was too sympathetic to America's enemies. Duke denounced Lieberman's accusations of anti-Semitism as "Political Correctness gone wild." "For years, radical communist Martin Luther King falsely smeared and defamed the silent majority of Americans as racists and bigots. Now Lying Lieberman is continuing King's shameful legacy." To ward off accusations of anti-Semitism, Duke hired Jewish lawyer Glenn Greenwald as a campaign spokesman. Greenwald had been an outspoken libertarian opponent of the Iraq War who had published on his blog documents obtained by Julian Assange documenting American war crimes in Iraq. Left wing opponents of the war were surprised at Greenwald's apparent heel turn, but they shouldn't have been. Greenwald had defended Neo-Nazis during his legal career on procedural grounds. His hacker friend Assange spouted white nationalist talking points and praised Duke. Furthermore, Greenwald had made it clear that opposition to U.S foreign policy was his top priority- and that superseded any concerns about racism. In one of his frequent appearances on TV to attack Joe Lieberman, Greenwald was asked about Duke's Holocaust Denial. "Duke has made some unfortunate comments which I don't agree with, but what's important right now is not the atrocities of the past, but the atrocities of the present. Jerusalem Joe has the blood of thousands on his hands, and thousands more, both Iraqi civilians and American troops, will die if he is re-elected. Duke won't have a body count, because he opposes foreign war. Lieberman is a brutal war criminal, Duke is the humanitarian choice. Many Presidents have made comments in the past which they regret. What matters is who has the better solutions for the present." Duke would later clarify in the presidential debates that he believed the Holocaust occurred, while continuing to attack Zionism. He repudiated his involvement with the KKK, but his denunciations were unenthusiastic and half hearted.
Apparently, the majority of Americans agreed with Greenwald. At least, the majority of Americans who voted. African-Americans, affected by voting restrictions in dozens of states, voted at the lowest rates since 1964. Most African-Americans were Democrats, but there was little enthusiasm for Lieberman. Political organization among African-Americans had atrophied for years. There was a wave of voter registration drives following Duke's nomination, and Black leaders rallied in vain to stop a Klansman from winning the White House. But they were fighting an uphill battle. The Democrats were weakened from twelve years of incumbency fatigue, and the Republicans were ascendant. As Americans overlooked Thurmond's racist past, so did they David Duke's. Duke won the Electoral College in a landslide. Duke's coattails elected large Republican majorities to Congress and the State Legislatures. With President Duke controlling the executive branch, Senator Lott controlling the legislative branch, and Jeff Sessions controlling the Supreme Court, segregationists controlled all three branches of the U.S government. Americans had given an overwhelming mandate to the forces of white supremacy.
While Martin Luther King dutifully voted for Lieberman and campaigned against David Duke; his advanced age and poor health limited his political activity. Following the death of his wife Coretta, King had become tired and reclusive. He had help his friends organize an antiwar primary challenge against Lieberman, but their was no political energy on the Left. There were still young people fighting the good fight, fighting for his Dream, fighting in the Streets. Black Lives Matter had been resurrected after Duke's victory, with protests and riots breaking out on Election Night. People were mobilizing to fight the incoming Duke administration. But what could they do? King's potential successors were marginalized and had little staying power. To King, it seemed there was little hope that a new generation of black leaders could prevail against the seemingly inevitable tides of white supremacy. Many agreed with him- there was a wave of Jewish Americans who quickly made plans for Aliyah to Israel in the wake of Duke's victory. Duke was already citing the new exodus as a sign of Jewish disloyalty. While King wished for the Jews to stay and renew the old civil rights alliance against Duke, he could not say he fully blamed them. Not only had the civil rights movement been utterly defeated and discredited, but the most vitriolic and hateful strand of white supremacy was ascendant. Martin Luther King's dream was a dream deferred. King died in December of 2008, knowing in his dying moments that his life's work had failed.
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1969-1974 Richard Nixon/Spiro Agnew (Republican)
1974 Richard Nixon/John Connally (Republican)
1974-1977 John Connally/Nelson Rockefeller (Republican)
1977-1981 Frank Church/Walter Mondale (Democratic)
1981 Ronald Reagan/George Bush (Republican)
1981 George Bush (Republican)
1981-1989 Strom Thurmond/Paul Laxalt (Republican)
1989-1997 Paul Laxalt/Dick Cheney (Republican)
1997-2005 Bill Clinton/Joe Lieberman (Democratic)
2005-2009 Joe Lieberman/Erskine Bowles (Democratic)
2009-2017 David Duke/Joe Wilson (Republican)